BSBMKG501A Evaluate Marketing Opportunities Essay

BSBMKG501A Evaluate Marketing Opportunities - Essay Example In any organization, there are some tangible and intangible assets, which are used as resources, when company is searching and evaluating various opportunities. Basically marketing activity focuses on assessing and satisfying customer needs, with in the organization; management is responsible for establishing these goals. These are certain resources i. e., key people groups, forces outside the organizations, channels, brand values, relationship, partnership, suppliers, buyers etc. apart from physical resources like technology. In search of opportunities skill of the people working with in the organization always play's a crucial role, opportunities lies in best marketing research to know about innovative product requirements its time and cost well in advance and to exploit these requirements. Best marketing research need more strong financial background and personal skills. Shortage and delay in adopting, technologies plays crucial role in searching opportunities. Intangible like bra nd plays major role in exploring opportunities. When a particular brand already exists in the market and it launches some product in the market, needs lesser advertisement and hence needs less cost investment, but if brand is new and it is to be launched, needs more expensive and exhaustive promotional campaign. In present era, where consumer needs are changing continuously and fastly meeting consumer needs and preferences always cost heavily on the company. Firms spend billions of dollars annually in search of new opportunities on marketing and technical research to add to brand value and product improvement. For example, Hot Pockets, especially formulated meat and cheese, microwavable sandwiches and more than 20 varieties have been introduced but in 2002, after Nestle acquire chef America, it has added its marketing muscle to promote the brand, ability to invest in technologies, training to enhance skills of its employees, upgrading the skill of an employee are few of the resource s which could limit the search for the opportunities by the company. In any company search of opportunities needs financial resources, skill of its employees, its brand value, its technologies adoption, its organizational capabilities, and its ability to conduct market research as nearer to actual. Now as a marketing manager, one has been assigned a vital job is that of recognizing the nature of competition, the potential threats competitors may represent and development of opportunities response strategies. Michael Porter (1980) has proposed that competitive threats can be classified into five major steps: The threat of other producer firms already operating within the market sector (Kotler, 2003). The threats of customer moving up stream to also become producers and / or using their purchasing power to dominate terms and condition for purchase. The threat of supplier moving downstream to become a producer or using their control over critical resources to dominate terms and condition of sale. The threat of a substitute entering the market always been seen carefully. Finally the threat for new entrant who was not previously a major player in the market has to be analyzed properly. To avoid head on competition with competitors, Marketing manager has to opt certain initiatives, w hich must be strategic, cross functional and bottom-line oriented. Marketing manager

The Loneliest Character Essay Example for Free

The Loneliest Character Essay The loneliest character in Of Mice and Men is Crooks. Crooks is the loneliest character because he lives all alone and has no one to give him company. He is not allowed in the bunk house because he is black. In the depression era, blacks were segregated, keeping Crooks isolated and friendless. Crooks is lonely because of his race. He gets treated differently than others for example: Spose you didnt have nobody. Spose you couldnt go into the bunk house and play rummy cause you was black. Howd you like that? Spose you had to sit out here an read books. Sure you could play horseshoes till it got dark, but then you got to read books†¦ (Steinbeck 80). Crooks is treated differently in the smallest of ways. Many ways seem too small to affect some people, but they affect Crooks because of his isolation. â€Å"Maybe you guys better go. I aint sure I want you in here no more. A colored man got to have some rights even if he dont like em (Steinbeck 90). Crooks has few rights as a colored person and he desperately wants more rights. During the depression colored people were often isolated because of their race. Crooks never gets any company creating a feeling of loneliness. He even feels that he should not receive any company, for example, â€Å"You got no right to come in my room. This here’s my room. Nobody got no right in here but me† (Steinbeck 66). Crooks pushes people away creating even more loneliness. Because of this he gets bored and finally lets Lenny in. â€Å"Come on in and sit awhile† (Steinbeck 68). When Crooks lets Lenny in he feels relieved that he has someone to talk to. It is a short lived feeling. As soon as Lenny leaves he is lonely again. The seclusion created by Crooks fuels his feelings of loneliness. Crooks has inadequate social relationships, some of which is caused by his race. He is also lonely because he has no family or friends on the ranch like George and Lennie do. Crooks is defiant ly the loneliest character in Of Mice and Men.

THE DISCURSIVE DEFICIT :: Essays Papers

THE "DISCURSIVE DEFICIT" Moravcsik and the European Union â€Å"Sidentrop’s most fundamental error—one he shares with many in the European debate—is his assumption that the EU is a nation-state in the making,† Andrew Moravcsik writes in his â€Å"Despotism In Brussels?† However, Moravcsik makes the same error himself, if a bit more circuitously. In his articles â€Å"Despotism In Brussels?†, â€Å"Federalism in the European Union: Rhetoric and Reality,† and â€Å"In Defense of the ‘Democratic Deficit’: Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union,† Moravcsik denies the existence of a â€Å"democratic deficit† within the European Union. His claim itself, however, is not legitimate: he attempts to legitimize to the European Union by granting it authority on the basis of state-based democratic standards while simultaneously denying that the EU is, in fact, a democratic entity similar to the modern state. â€Å"The European Union lacks every characteristic that grants a modern European state†¦its authority,† Moravcsik states. Yet he asserts that â€Å"constitutional checks and balances, indirect democratic control via national governments, and the increasing powers of the European Parliament are sufficient to assure that the EU policymaking is, in nearly all cases, clean, transparent, effective, and politically responsive to demands of European citizens.† This assertion relies heavily on what is the most salient characteristic of authority in the â€Å"modern European state†Ã¢â‚¬â€the democratic system—to make any sense at all, and thus the contradiction in Moravcsik’s argument emerges. In order to examine the intricacies of this contradiction, we shall now analyze the three endemically democratic concepts that Moravcsik claims legitimize EU authority, his assertion that each is not part of a state structure as used by the EU, and his contradictory validation of these concepts by state-employed democratic principles. Constitutional checks and balances. Moravcsik claims that the presence and use of the Treaty of Rome as a â€Å"stable, overarching structure of political authority in Europe† should dispel Euroskeptics’ fears about the development of a European â€Å"superstate.† He proceeds to assert that while a true Constitution does not (as yet) exist, a relatively firm â€Å"de facto constitution for Europe† does indeed exist. That â€Å"constitution,† he claims, is characterized by â€Å"a set of substantive fiscal, administrative, legal, and procedural constraints on EU policymaking† that serve to limit the EU in its policymaking power.

Comparison between the South Asia and East Asia during WW1 Essay

In the twentieth century, WWI was a political tornado of change, sweeping over the entire world, augmenting everything in its path. Although the Allied and Axis powers were affected the most by WWI, East Asia and South Asia were also transformed as well, through considerable social and political reform. In East Asia, China was the country outside of the Allied and Axis powers affected the most in WWI, through the creation of the Chinese Communist Party. After WWI was over, the Treaty of Versailles transferred all German holdings in East Asia, including those in China, to Japan. To China, this was an outrageous offense. Although China certainly didn’t enjoy Germany owning part of their land, to have their worst enemy, Japan, owning it would be positively loathsome. A demonstration broke out in Beijing in protest over Versailles. After being defeated by both Japan and the West, China had enough humiliation and demanded social reform. It was then that Mao Zedong came forth and established the Chinese Communist Party. Although the Nationalists would crush the Communists efforts to overthrow the government, the Communist Party would eventually return and take control, changing China forever, because of the outcomes of WWI. In South Asia, India was affected by WWI through the heightened support of the Indian Nationalist movement. When England forced their colony India to support the war effort, the Indians complied, and the Nationalist movement remained dormant during the war. After WWI was over, most of the world saw Europe as a time bomb of conflict, and this combined with the oppressive efforts to force Indian soldiers into the war cause the Indian Nationalist movement to return full force. Intellectuals like Gandhi appeared with ideas as to what a post colonial India would look like, and almost everyone in India, Muslims and Hindus alike, could agree they wanted England out. Soon, England complied with India’s cries for independence and simply pulled out of South Asia. After discordant internal conflicts, India finally stabilized, with its independence intact, because of the outcomes of WWI. WWI changed the world forever and left many problems unsolved that would return again more forceful than before. In China and India, WWI provoked  social and political reform, but the two outcomes were very different. India gained its independence and set up a Western-style democracy, whereas China would eventually be ravished by the tormenting policies and killing-spree of Mao Zedong. Both India and China were directly affected by the outcomes of WWI.

Rate and Sequence of Development

Babies are born at 40 weeks. If a baby is born before the due date, they will be classed as premature. Premature babies generally take longer to meet the early development milestones, Newborn babies spend more time sleeping than being awake. It is very important to a newborn baby to spend quality time bonding with their primary carer. Babies develop fast during the first four weeks; feeding and sleeping patterns can start to form and will start to communicate through smiling and crying. As from 3 months old, babies are much more alert, and generally settled into a day and night routine and cry less often.Being more settled and interacting with people around them, and can recognise their primary carer. From 6 months babies can express enjoyment through laughing and smiling. They can reach for objects; this heightens the need for exploration. From 9 months babies are usually becoming more mobile, they can explore their environment. Cognitive and communication development is improving a nd babies are aware of words. From this age, the emotional lesson is being learnt, as babies begin to understand that carers who leave the room will return.At 12 months babies are much more mobile. The baby is becoming much more vocal and babbling to the carer. Fine motor skills are developing and the baby is becoming more interested in feeding themselves, also the baby starts to remember things. From 15 months a child’s language is really developing, and can start to put together a small key worded sentence. Walking is steadier, and as the sense of independence develops, so does the frustration within the child, and prevention is usually the cause.From 18 months, a child will understand most of what is being said to them, so communication is important. Children of this age still cannot control their emotions and need a lot of sensitivity from their carers when they become overwhelmed by their feelings. From 2 years, a child’s personality is evident and become more app arent every day. Cognitive and behavioural development is continuing during this stage, short sentences are spoken and walking and movement is confident, leading to trying new things, like climbing and jumping. The child will begin to understand emotion and consequences.At 3 years, children start to take an interest in peers, this is suitably timed as at this as children start pre-school, and can enjoy playing with others of a similar age. Children learn to express themselves through speech, in doing so, this reduces the child’s frustration. At 4 years, children will make the transition to school, which marks a massive change in their lives. When starting school the child will be fluent talkers, confident movers and will already have a social group of friends. Their concentration span will be increasing all the time.At 5 years old children will be settled into formal schooling. Many children will enjoy the challenge of the classroom and independence of playtimes. Others howev er can find it all very difficult because learning doesn’t interest them or find the learning difficult. This can cause a negative feeling towards school. Friends are very important now. At 6-7 years old, physical development has now slowed down to previous years, but confidence levels increase, as does learning within the school. Between the ages of 8-12 years, Children will be reading and writing well.Children have learnt what it is they enjoy and dislike. During this stage of life, it can be a emotional time, children will be moving on to new school and leaving old friendship groups and starting to make new friendship groups. Puberty can start around this age (mainly girls). Technology often causes a child to be less active in this age group and so a balanced diet is required. Between the ages 13 – 19 years, there is a lot happening, puberty, relationships, exams, leaving school, career choices. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] New Born CryingHappyPrimary carer [pic] [pic] [ pic] [pic]In prone SittingCrawling Walking [pic] [pic][pic] [pic] [pic] Learning through play (18 months – 4 years) [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Learning through play (5 years – 19 years) Physical Development |Age Range |Development within the age range | |0 – 3 months |Babies hands are tightly closed most of the time. The baby will lay with head to one side | | |(in supine position) and legs pulled up toward the abdomen (in prone position), head falls| | |forward (head lag) and the back curves.As the baby gets older they are aware of faces, | | |more so when fed and talked to. | |3 – 6 months |Â  The baby’s head in central position (in supine), the head and chest can be lifted from | | |the floor and can supported themselves with their forearms (in prone). The back is | | |straighter and slight head lag remains. The baby will have found their arms and can be | | |waved and brought together; legs can be kicked separately and together. The baby is aler t | | |and will move their head to watch others.The baby has found their fingers and can engage | | |in hand and finger play and briefly are able to hold objects before dropping. | |6 – 12 months |Â  During this age, babies develop fast and start to learn big movements like, rolling over | | |to going onto their hands and knees to progressing to taking a few steps. Sitting unaided | | |is also developed during this age. Also a number of fine motor skills develop during this | | |age, the palmar grasp to and inferior pincer grasp to then recognising and controlling the| | |release of this grasp.The hand – eye coordination is more defined and now able to feed | | |with a spoon and finger foods. | |1 yr- 2yrs |Â  The child’s walking has become more confident and will attempt to run. The child will | | |start to crawl the stairs, and will walk them if hand is held by a carer. The marks on | | |paper progress into scribbles, a small tower of block will progress int o a tall tower. The| | |child can now push themselves along on ride-on-toys, and is able to kick and throw balls. | |The child will now be able to thread cotton reels using the delicate pincer grasp. | |2 yrs – 4 yrs |Â  During this age, the physical activity becomes independent. The child will learn to walk | | |up the stairs holding on to the hand rail; this will develop into the child confidently | | |climbing stairs and outdoor play equipment. The child will develop from riding large | | |wheeled toys without peddles to using peddles and steering confidently. Kicking a | | |stationary ball will develop into kicking moving balls in straight lines.Drawing becomes | | |an interest, faces and letters are often attempted, using the preferred hand. | |4 yrs – 7 yrs |Â  From the age of 4 years, children will be learning how to fasten buttons, zips, use | | |scissors and cut out basic shapes. Writing becomes more familiar and will be learning how | | |to write his/her na me and other short familiar words. A Child’s coordination will increase| | |and will be able to play games with rules. General balance is good; bikes stabilisers will| | |start to be removed.By the time a child is 7 years, they will be able to hop, skip and | | |use larger outdoor play equipment in schools and parks. The child will be able to catch | | |with one hand and be able to tie up their shoe laces. | |7 yrs – 12 yrs |Â  Physical growth slows down during this age group. The development of coordination and | | |speed of movement along with physical strength develops during this time. The child’s | | |interest in TV, computers and games consoles over take the physical play.The child’s | | |writing becomes more adult like, as does the use of computer equipment. | |12 yrs – 16 yrs |Â  Generally puberty begins between 11-13yrs. The bodies of both boys and girls change | | |throughout puberty. There is a variation in age in which this occurs; gi rls usually enter | | |puberty by 13 years and boys 14 years. Sporting talents become more apparent during this | | |time. | |16 yrs – 19 yrs |Â  A girl’s body can become more woman-like by 16 years old, and a boy becomes manlier by | | |16-17 years. Intellectual and Cognitive Development |Age Range |Development within the age range | |0 – 3 months |From birth a baby can be soothed by a familiar voice, usually the primary carer. Through | | |the use of senses, the baby starts to understand that he/she is a separate person. The | | |baby will begin to notice object in their immediate environment | |3 – 6 months |Â  From 3 months a baby will show interest in bright shiny objects.The baby will be very | | |alert and will watch things going on around them keenly. The baby will explore by putting | | |objects into their mouth | |6 – 12 months |Â  The baby will explore the immediate environment, the primary carer staying within close | | |proximity. During this age, the child will start to look for items which have fallen. | |1 yr- 2yrs |Â  From 1 year, the baby’s memory develops.Remembering past events will highlight the | | |anticipation of future familiar events. The baby will also start to look for objects that | | |have fallen out of sight, knowing they still exist, but can’t be seen. At this young age, | | |child will look for, and return familiar things in there right places. The child will use | | |toys in a way they are familiar with e. g. putting a doll in a bath. The child becomes | | |aware of peers and takes an interest in their activities.A child will use trial and error| | |in a way to explore and discover the world around them. | |2 yrs – 4 yrs |Â  A child from 2 years will understand that actions have consequences. He/she will be able | | |to complete simple jigsaw puzzles and build a tower of bricks; creativity within imaginary| | |and creative play is developed. The child will start as king what and why question and | | |using speech of thinking and reporting. The child can name colours and sort items into | | |simple sets.The child will now be able to recognise his/ her own written name | |4 yrs – 7 yrs |Â  At 4 years old, a child’s memory has developed, and can recall many songs and stories. | | |The child is now able to problem solve, number correspondence improves, reading and | | |vocabulary develops. The child will learn from new experiences at school, and learning | | |style preferences may be apparent. | |7 yrs – 12 yrs |Â  The child now understands mathematical questions and is able to find the answers in | | |number calculations, measuring nd weighing. Many children can read and write simple text | | |by the age of 7. A child will learn a new range of subjects at secondary school, and might| | |follow their own individual interests out of school. A sense of logic develops. | |12 yrs – 16 yrs |Academic knowledge increases as exam curriculum is followed. | |16 yrs – 19 yrs |Towards the age of 16 years, future career decisions are made . e. g. further education, | | |career choices. | Communication Development Age Range |Development within the age range | |0 – 3 months |A newborn baby communicates through sound, crying and physical closeness. The baby will | | |begin to coo and gurgle with the primary carer when talked to. The baby starts to | | |recognise and link familiar sounds such as the face and the voice of a carer. He/she will | | |copy high and low sounds and will return a smile when smiled at. | |3 – 6 months |Â  Sounds are used primarily to call for a carers attention.The baby is babbling frequently| | |and enjoys rhymes and the rhyme actions. The baby plays tunefully with the sounds he/she | | |can make. | |6 – 12 months |Â  The baby now recognises his/her own name and recognises familiar words, including ‘no’. | | |The baby will makes longer strings of babbling sounds and intentionally uses volume | | |vocally. The baby will increasingly understand basic messages communicated by carers and | | |older siblings. |1 yr- 2yrs |Â  The babbling increasingly starts to sound like speech and lead to single words being | | |spoken. The child shows an understanding that particular words are associated with people| | |and objects, by using a few simple words in context. Labelling such as ‘you’ ‘me’ ‘mine’ | | |is understood and the use of single words increases and begins to use people’s names. The | | |child understands a great deal of what carers say. | |2 yrs – 4 yrs |Â  At 2 years, the child will point to items and name them.Vocabulary increases and | | |sentences are used. Some sentences can be used incorrectly, but by 42 months most language| | |is used correctly. The child enjoys stories and rhymes and will use plurals, pronouns, | | |adjectives, possessives and tenses. | |4 yr s – 7 yrs |Â  From 4 years, a child uses language fluently and is clear and understood to all. He/ she | | |have an understanding of language, and can enjoy rhymes, stories and nonsense.The child’s| | |vocabulary is growing each day, and will be learning to read, he/she will recognise small,| | |key words. At the age of 6 years, the child’s language becomes more adult like and enjoys | | |word play and jokes. | |7 yrs – 12 yrs |Â  The child enjoys social chats with friends and family, the conversation becomes more | | |adult like. Both verbal and written communication is fluent and the correct grammar is | | |used. The child may read as a leisure pass time. |12 yrs – 16 yrs |Â  The child may be reluctant to ask adults for advice or information required. It may be | | |sourced anonymously. | |16 yrs – 19 yrs |At this age the child will enjoy socialising with friend and having catch up chats with | | |friends and family. | Social, Emotional and Behavioural Development |Age Range |Development within the age range | |0 – 3 months |A new born baby will smile from about 5 weeks, the baby will discover what he/she can do, | | |and create a sense of self.The baby may cry if the primary carer leaves the room because | | |the baby doesn’t understand that the person still exists and will return. The baby is able| | |to show excitement and fear. The baby responds positively to a kind soothing carer, If a | | |carer doesn’t respond to the baby, the baby will stop trying to interact. | |3 – 6 months |Â  The baby can now clearly tell people apart, showing a preference for a primary carer and | | |siblings. During this age the baby shows a wider range of feeling clearly and vocally. | |He/she will reach out to be held and may stop crying when spoken to. The baby enjoys | | |attention from others and seeing themselves in the mirror. | |6 – 12 months |Â  During this time the baby becomes increasi ngly mobile which allows the child to approach | | |people. The baby understands that when a carer leaves the room, they will return. Baby’s | | |offer objects in their hands but do not let go. The sense of self identity increases as | | |self-esteem and self-confidence develop.The child will start to wave goodbye, prompted at| | |first, then freely. The child is now happy to play alongside other children for increasing| | |lengths of time. | |1 yr- 2yrs |Â  The child becomes more curious to the world around them. The child may signs of | | |separation anxiety and can be jealous of attention or toys given to other children. | | |Emotions are changeable; they quickly alternate between wanting to do things alone, and | | |then requiring their carers help.The child becomes frustrated easily when not able to | | |carry out their chosen task. The child show angry defiance and resistance to adults At | | |this age the child likes to follow their carer and like to help with the act ivities, | | |imitating them. | |2 yrs – 4 yrs |Â  At this age a child is beginning to understand his/her own feeling and identifies happy | | |and sad faces. The child is also aware of other people’s feelings. They will be able to | | |tell others how they feel.Children will respond to carers lovingly, and is affected by | | |their mood. The child may use language to protest verbally, causing them to be less | | |rebellious. The child will now be using the toilet and washes own hands, He/she will also | | |be able to dress them self. | |4 yrs – 7 yrs |Â  The child may be socially confident and self-esteem is apparent and responds well to | | |praise for behaviour, encouragement and responsibility. The control over emotions | | |increases but as imagination increases the child can become more fearful.At this age the | | |child will be keen to ‘fit in’ with other and approval from adults and peers is desired. | | |Friends are important; most of the se are made in school. The managing of behaviour is best| | |carried out and often responds best to ‘time out’ method. The child will enjoy games and | | |activities. | |7 yrs – 12 yrs |Â  Around the age of 7 years, a child will doubt their learning ability and often say ‘I | | |can’t do it’. This leads them to becoming frustrated easily.Personality is established | | |more firmly as attitudes to life are developed. The child is more susceptible to peer | | |pressure, solid friendships are formed and ‘best friends’ are important. The child may | | |feel unsettled when making the transition from primary school to secondary school and as | | |puberty approaches. Strong friendships are relied upon and usually the same sex. The child| | |may be reluctant to go to clubs unless a friend is there too.At this age the child is | | |more independent and able to make more decisions. | |12 yrs – 16 yrs |Â  The child will now travel t o school alone. Mood swings become more apparent due to | | |puberty. There will be a desire for the child to ‘fit in’ with peers and express | | |individuality this can be through art/ music/ dance or creative writing and possibly | | |through dress and hairstyles. The child may prefer to spend time with friends rather than | | |family, and may tend to spend more time in their bedroom at home.A balance of school and | | |leisure time is important. | | 16 yrs – 19 yrs|Â  The child becomes interested in own sexuality and feels attracted to others and may | | |develop romantic and sexual relationships. The child may experiment with smoking, drugs or| | |alcohol, this behaviour is linked with low self-esteem. The child may self experiment with| | |identity through appearance . e. g. piercings and tattoos. A child may start a new job, it | | |is important that a home, work and social life balance is taken on. | Moral Development Age Range |Development within the age range | |0 – 3 months | | |3 – 6 months |Â   | |6 – 12 months |Â   | |1 yr- 2yrs |Â   | |2 yrs – 4 yrs |Â  The child is increasingly able to understand consequence of behaviour and the concept of | | |‘getting in trouble’. The child understands the concept of saying sorry and ‘making up’ | |4 yrs – 7 yrs |Â  The child has a good understanding of familiar, basic rules. If he/she are in an | | |environment where swearing is happening, it is likely the child will use in their own | | |language.The child will have experienced blaming and blame, and feels shame/guilt when | | |adults disapprove. The child will be keen to win and be ‘right’. | |7 yrs – 12 yrs |Â  Attitudes to life are being developed – these are the basis of future moral codes. The | | |child can understand increasingly complex rules, impacting on the sense of right and | | |wrong. Conflict with parents arise due to wanting independence, home rules are unfair, and| | |refuse to wear clothing that parents have bought. | |12 yrs – 16 yrs |Â  The child will now develop personal morals, beliefs and values outside of parents’ | | |influence . e. g. egetarian | |16 yrs – 19 yrs |Â  The child may protest to make their feelings know and to act on a desire to change the | | |world . e. g. petitions, student protests | All tables are guides and development ages groups are approximate. Question: What is the difference between Sequence of development and Rate of development? Why is the difference important? |Sequence |Rate | |The sequence is the order on which children develop. For |The rate is the speed or age on which children develop.For | |example, a child will learn to sit up before they can walk. |example, children of the same age will not reach all of the | |There are exceptions to this; children or young adults with a |milestones at the same age. | |disability may develop different ly. | | It is importance to identify the difference and how each one plays a role in identifying the accomplishments of a child, what milestones have been reached and when. They enable charting of a child or young person's development to happen and provide a structure or picture that can measure where a child might be in need of support.

6 Steps to Becoming a Dental Assistant

6 Steps to Becoming a Dental Assistant If you’ve had a dental appointment recently, odds are a dental assistant helped you schedule the appointment, took your X-rays, explained your procedure, and, behind the scenes, sterilized instruments, ordered supplies, prepared the instrument trays, and maintained your treatment records! DAs need to have excellent communication skills in order to set people at ease. They must also be organized, proficient writers, and prepared for the rigors of a full-time job that may require some evening hours.So how do you get there?Step 1: High School PreparationWhether you’re reading this as a high school student or as a graduate with some holes in your coursework to fill, you should make sure you have  the basics covered:  Science classes, Communication and writing courses, and Business management classes will all help prepare you.Step 2: Get Dental Assisting TrainingDental Assistant Certificate Program: 3 months – 1 yearDental Assistant Associate’s Degree progr am: 2 yearsStep 3: Complete an Externship (Optional)This can be a great way to get your feet wet on the job and to find out if you like the work and the responsibilities you’d have if you went pro. Externships  also give you the opportunity to develop a speciality within dentistry, like orthodontics, pediatrics, or prosthodontics.Step 4: Get LicensedWhile the requirements vary from state to state, the most common ones are 1) completion of an accredited postsecondary educational program and 2)  successfully completion of a practical or written exam.Step 5: Get a CertificationSince requirements vary from state to state, there are a variety of certification options you can pursue. They all require different investments of time and money, so you should explore each of them and see which one is right for you.National Entry Level Dental Assistant (NELDAâ„ ¢)Certified Orthodontic Assistant (COA ®)Certified Dental Assistantâ„ ¢ (CDA ®)Certified Restorative Functions Den tal Assistant (CRFDA ®)Certified Preventive Functions Dental Assistant (CPFDA ®)Step 6: Advance Your Career (Optional)Consider joining an association or pursuing additional certifications that will boost your profile as a dental assistant. You can also apply your existing credits and time logged towards a dental hygienist degree if you’re interested in moving onwards and upwards.  How to Become a Dental Assistant  Read More at careerswiki.com

A day at lake Essay examples

A day at lake Essay examples A day at lake Essay examples A Day At The Lake On a hot summer day, the only good place to go is to the lake. You would go out to the lake to enjoy the water, the sun, the activities that are happening, or just to be with family and friends. When you're at the lake, there are some very distinct smells. The hickey smell of campfire smoke always lets you know that there are marshmallows and hotdogs being roasted. You'll never want to touch your hair from putting your fingers on the sticky marshmallow; to me it's just crazy glue. But you can always enjoy the sweet coconut smell of sun tanning lotion that people put on themselves while they lay into the sun to basically "cook." If you're looking for a quiet relaxation at the lake, I don't think that will work out too well. The lake is always really loud throughout the day. You can hear the loud motors of the boat and the waves of the water as the boat comes crashing through. You'll definitely be able to hear the laughter and the excitement of the kids as they splash around in the la ke. People began to come out to the lake to enjoy the extraordinary gift God has created for us. Eventually, the lake became a room filled with laughter. Children are scooping up the featherlike sand and remolding them into magnificent image of their wild imagination. I stretch my legs and slouch down on the platform of the lake; with an ice cream in one hand melting its way down, I spy on everyone on the beach. A group of teenage boys are playing tag with the girls as if they were kids again; the beach really did bring everyone closer to each other and bring back memories of my childhood. Everything was possible to do at the lake. From the way people dress to the things they do, it describes them and their unique personality. Mad balls are thrown around in the air as people play volleyball, football, soccer and all sorts of different ball games. Sweat dripped down everyone’s faces after playing hard out in the sun; some race to reapply sunscreen on their dehydrated skin whil st the others take a dive into the lake to cool off. Out onto the far lake, I can see glimpse of people riding jet-skis racing as fast as a bullet toward the never-ending

Interventions for Special Education Students

Interventions for Special Education Students Teaching students with special needs comes with unique responsibilities and enormous rewards. Modifications- both to your physical classroom and to your teaching style- are often necessary to accommodate them. Modifications mean change while making accommodations means adapting to those things you cant change- existing circumstances. Interventions involve skill-building strategies that are designed to move special students to more advanced academic levels. Do you and your classroom have what it takes? Heres a checklist of strategies to help you develop a  classroom that should meet the needs of all your students. ___ Special needs students should be within close proximity to the teacher or the teachers assistant. ___ Implement procedures that are well understood by all your students to keep noise levels at an acceptable level. The Yacker Tracker is a worthwhile investment. ___ Create a special carrel or private location for taking tests, and/or revise existing seating to accommodate students who more acutely need to be free of distractions for ultimate success.   ___ Eliminate as much clutter as you can. This will also help keep distractions to a minimum. ___ Try to avoid presenting instructions or directions only verbally. Use graphic organizers, as well as written or graphical instructions. ___ Clarifications and reminders should be given as regularly as necessary. ___ Needy students should have agendas which you give them regularly and that you refer to yourself. ___ Communication between home and school should be in place for all students, but particularly for those students with special needs. Your relationship and interaction with a childs parents or guardian can be an invaluable tool and ensure consistency between the classroom and home. ___ Break down assignments and work into manageable chunks, particularly for students with attention span deficits. Provide frequent breaks. Make learning fun, not a draining challenge. A tired child is never at his most receptive to new information. ___ Your classroom expectations should be clearly outlined and understood, as well as consequences for inappropriate behaviors. Your approach for conveying this information will depend on the individual special needs of the children involved.   ___ Extra assistance should be available when needed, either from yourself or from a more accomplished peer. ___ Praise students when you catch  them doing things correctly, but dont overdo it. The praise should be a real reward, not something that happens over every small accomplishment but rather in response to a string of related accomplishments. ___ Use behavior contracts to target specific behaviors.   ___ Make  sure students are familiar with and understand your curing and prompting system that helps them stay on task. ___ Never begin instructions or directions until you have the undivided attention of your entire class. ___ Allow additional wait time for your special needs students. ___ Provide special needs students with regular, ongoing feedback and always promote their self-esteem. ___ Make sure all your learning experiences really do  promote learning. ___ Provide activities that are multi-sensory and that  take learning styles into consideration.   ___ Allow time to let your special needs students repeat instructions and directions. ___ Modify and/or shorten assignments to ensure success. ___ Have methods in place so students can have text written to them and so they can dictate their answers. ___ Provide opportunities for cooperative learning. Working together in groups often helps to clarify misconceptions for learning delayed students.

Stem Cell research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stem Cell - Research Paper Example After facts are viewed, an honest opinion can be formed. Viewing facts can involve going over pros and cons regarding stem cell research. What exactly are stem cells? Stem cells are known as â€Å"mother cells†, these mother cells can be classified into two different groups. The groups are separated into adult and fetal cells. The main factor that separates stem cells from other cells is their ability to rejuvenate and renew. (Arce, S., Mosqueda, M., Gaona, H., Mas, M., Cortes, M., & Rios, M. 2007) Since the cells are able to renew, it is obvious as to why these cells are of much importance and highly researched. Cells that are able to rejuvenate are said to be able to help cure many cancers, diseases and deformities. The use of stem cells can result in breakthrough medicines that scientist have been longing for. Stem cell research is very extensive and costly. The research is costly in ways other than funding. There are several different laws, religious, and bio ethical views that allow for stem cell research to be so controversial. When it comes to stem cell research, there are many ethical costs associated with stem cell research. The ethics associated with stem cell research allow for the research to be one of the most controversial types of research out there. This is especially so when dealing with embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells can be found in many different areas. The embryonic cells are found in the umbilical cord, placenta, and embryo. In order to obtain these embryonic stem cells, the donor is required to give full consent and must agree to give up the cells for research. This sounds so simple but this is one of the main factors that raise controversy. It is a fact that in order to obtain embryonic cells, there is no way to obtain the cells without destroying the embryo. (Kollmann 2010) Destroying the embryo, results in death to the unborn fetus. The destruction of the human embryo for research means that the research of the embryo nic cells is conducted at the cost of a destroyed embryo. There are laws in place against this and many religious views strongly oppose this. Many places do not allow research of embryonic cells, since the cells are obtained through abortion. Only areas that are pro abortion allow embryonic stem cells for research. Benefits to the research must outweigh the risks. Many argue that the research and use of the stem cells does not outweigh the risks. The popularity of embryonic cells is favored over adult cells. This is so since the embryonic cells are able to virtually be reproduced into any cell of the body. (Johnson, Williams 2008) Since the cells are able to reproduce they can eliminate certain diseases and cancers by allowing the body to grow new cells and eliminate the bad cells. This is why many are in such favor of stem cell research. Those in power also take a stand in either favor of stem cell research. President Bush made an announcement during his American presidency that st ated, â€Å"funding would be granted to further explore embryonic stem cell research’. (Johnson, Williams 2008) Many opposed this but the funding opened up many doors that allowed the stem cells to be used in new ways. Besides destroying human embryo to study stem cells, there are other cons that run against bio ethics and religious morals. When many think of stem cell research they think of cloning. Cloning is the ability to reproduce a copy of

How the brand portfolio adds value to their stakeholders Essay

How the brand portfolio adds value to their stakeholders - Essay Example (BBC News, 2008) In relation to the success of Zara, the importance of branding as well as the impact of the Zara’s branding strategy as a Fashion Clothing Company and within the Market Environment of the global fashion industry will be analyzed followed by discussing how fashion branding affects the customers’ perceived quality and value with regards to Zara as a company and the company’s loyal customers when purchasing and using a wide-range of Zara’s clothing line. Upon discussing the impact of branding over the company and customers’ image, the most recent branding theories which has existed between the years 1996 to 2008 will be compared and contrast. Based on the identified list of branding theories, its relevant application to a wide variety of international fashion business including the scope and scale of fashion branding within the European fashion market and the global context will be thoroughly discussed. As part of the conclusion, ways in which brand portfolio adds value to the stakeholders of Zara will be tackled Fashion industry has a very saturated market all over the world. Because of the tight competition in the global fashion industry, the need for clothing companies to develop and promote a successful brand has been considered as one of the key factors behind the success of a clothing company. According to King (2008), branding is more than just choosing a corporate name and advertising it in the newspaper. Basically, a successful brand is not limited on developing familiarity on the part of the company’s target consumers. It should make the company’s target consumers feel special when being associated with a brand. With the use of effective advertising and marketing strategy, the marketing manager of Zara is able to create brand equity which increases the brand popularity. For this reason, brand

Strategic Planning for Tourism in Abu Dhabi Essay

Strategic Planning for Tourism in Abu Dhabi - Essay Example However, the primary aim of this paper is to identify role of Masdar in improving the travel and tourism industry Masdar City and to develop a set of plausible and actionable strategic recommendations to the company that will help it in this respect. Currently, the company has five units i.e. Masdar City, Masdar Power, Masdar Carbon, Masdar Capital and Masdar Institute (Masdar-b, n.d). This paper will attempt to deal with the company’s Masdar City as this unit is engaged in infrastructural development that lead to the growth of the travel and tourism industry. This unit strives to develop a â€Å"global clean-technology cluster† called Masdar City which is situated â€Å"17km from downtown Abu Dhabi† (Masdar-c, n.d.). Masdar City can be developed as a major tourists’ destination. The company is aiming to develop this city backed with renewable energy and it is well designed with 40,000 residents. The primary essence of the Masdar City is on innovative tech nologies through R&D. United Arab Emirates (UAE) is now focusing on its tours and travel industry. The UAE Government has aimed to develop its important cities as a popular tourist attraction. For example, in Dubai, the leisure and hotel industry has grown significantly. The travel and tourism industry of Masdar City has a direct competition with Dubai. Moreover, other Gulf countries like Saudi Arab, Kuwait, and Oman etc are also trying to develop their travel and tourism industry. On the other hand, Middle East courtiers like Egypt are major tourist destinations and they are the major competitor of Masdar City in travel and tourism industry (Deulgaonkar, 2011). Tourism and travel industry primarily belong to global market as it targets entire global population. Therefore, the competition in travel and tourism industry is very high. 1.2. Communications Analysis The Masdar is highly respectable company of UAE and it has developed a higher corporate image in the market. The company is a focus-point for the entire nation as it is one the most developed renewable energy company. It has been continuously working for the development of the entire country especially for Abu Dhabi. One of the major tools for the company is its communicational and promotional activities. Its corporate website is critical medium for developing communication with its target audience. In order to develop ‘two-way’ communicational system, it has partnered with several social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter etc. It is also using its website for its advertising strategies and for delivering market signals. The organization generally communicates with target audience to spreading awareness regarding renewable energy, its projects, recent developments etc. Its communicational developments can play a very significantly role in developing the Masdar City as major tourists’ attraction. 1.3. Issue Analysis The Masdar has been successfully maintaining its public relation with its target audience through media partnering and through its corporate website. However, in order to develop the tourism industry of Masdar City in the global market, its communication is not unique and effective. It must be taken into consideration, that for competing in the global market, its communication must reach to global market.

Cultural aspects of multi chanel cutomer management Essay

Cultural aspects of multi chanel cutomer management - Essay Example Organizations should have a clear picture about the different customer behaviours in order to formulate different strategies to establish strong relationships with them. Some customers may like cheaper price whereas some others may give more importance to the quality of the product or after sales support. The awareness of customer behaviours will help the organizations to formulate different channels for the customer management. This paper is written based on the reflections of the article Cultural Aspects of Multi-Channel Customer Management: A UK Case Study. Channel management is influenced by customer behaviors, preferences, perceptions and expectations. Customers may contact with the different channels of the organization at different period of time throughout customer’s life cycle. Customer relationship management (CRM) depends of many factor like differences in business practices, competition, regulatory characteristics, country characteristics, and consumer characteristics. Organizations need to approach the CRM in two ways; macro – country level and micro- individual customer in order to cater the needs of the customers effectively. The macro factors involve differences that affect entire countries or regions whereas the micro factors involve individual consumers within those countries or regions. The success of CRM depends on three factors which arose from internal and external environments; differences in customer expectations, drivers of satisfaction, loyalty, profitability and customer value across countries or cultures; differences in the competitive environments, technological infrastructure, political systems, and regulatory variations between countries around the globe and the difference in the challenges faced by global firms in forming a cu stomer-oriented organization, which already encountered challenges in the form of culture and power issues. Multi-channel customer management will help us to analyze the influence of culture

Chinas One-Child Policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chinas One-Child Policy - Case Study Example Environmental Issue: The main reason and environmental science driving the whole policy is considered to be the ‎overpopulation. China covers around one fifth of the world’s population whereas it has quite a ‎lesser proportion when it comes to arable land. ‎ Benefits Due to the One Child Policy: The policy has assisted in economic fields as there has been a decrease in unemployment ‎and natural resources. The rate of exploitation has also drastically dropped down (Fong, 2006). ‎ Detailed Description of Policy: One child policy is overall an extremely controversial topic that is always in debates across ‎the planet. At every place you will find some believers and so as the disbelievers of the policy. ‎ Promotion: The overall scenario by the government was seen and they believed that a birth control policy ‎was extremely significant in order to avoid the problems faced by China then and even to avoid ‎the threats in the upcoming days. ‎ Current Status: In 2010, according to a report and survey it was estimated that these days the policy ‎implementation hasn’t been up to the mark and numerous families are violating it (Hvistendahl, ‎‎2010). ‎ Conclusion: The Chinese government claims that their one child policy had caused about three to four ‎hundred million fewer people in 2008. It is therefore the Chinese leaders and authorities believe ‎it as a great and leaping success towards helping and improving China’s current economic ‎growth. ‎ The essay aims to presents detailed analysis of the case study focused upon ‘China One Child policy’. The policy basically refers to population control measures implemented by the Chinese government with the intention to control the growth of the population of the country. The policy aims to restrict the population growth by putting restriction on the number of children a Chinese couple could have (Merli and Raftery, 2000). The essay presents an overview of

Anthropology Research Paper - The Amish Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Anthropology - The Amish - Research Paper Example Introduction: The Amish movement which originated in Europe was initiated by a reform group in order to reestablish the conventional practices as followed by the Mennonites. The Amish community migrated to the United States during the early eighteenth century and have settled in various parts across the country, ever since, including Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and New York. The Amish community has historically strived to uphold the values and culture of seventeenth century Europe by restraining from accepting and adopting any aspect of contemporary life offered by modern society, thus leading to their social isolation from the present day popular/ mainstream culture/ society. There are however various subgroups formed among the Amish community such as the Old Order, New Order and Andy Weaver Amish groups, who believe in and follow different ideologies and have accepted different degrees of modernity in their everyday lives (Kraybill and Stephen, 2004). Primary m ode of subsistence: The Amish community has historically been closely associated with the soil and activities associated with the same. The Amish people have been and are agriculturists and have worked as farmers on their family owned farms during the early 1960s (Lowry, 1997). In fact most of the Amish people still continue to work on farms and are predominantly viewed as agricultural by occupation. However with the rapidly changing external environment, there has been a simultaneous and corresponding impact and change in the patterns of Amish occupations, which have now shifted from farm based to non-farm based activities in recent times. Furthermore the rising land prices as a result of rapid urbanization have also pushed the Amish community to look for other sources of occupation (Pandit and Withers 1999; Bingham and Eberts, 1990; Ayres, 1998). Farming as well as other farm based occupations such as livestock rearing and /or animal husbandry still has retained precedence over ot her occupations within the Amish community although statistics suggest that hardly ten percent of the Amish population is now actively involved in farming and agricultural activities during the last century. The Amish farmers have increasingly included and integrated non-farm based activities with their primary occupations. In recent decades various Amish communities have started actively participating in small business activities as their occupation with employees less than ten. Most of these businesses are associated with wood production for household use, building barns and gazebos etc., while others have opened bakeries and quilt shops as well, thus engaging in profitable business ventures. Furthermore several Amish groups are now also involved in construction businesses while others have started working in factories in and around small towns (Kraybill and Nolt, 2004). Impact of primary mode of subsistence on the Amish culture: As discussed previously, the Amish community is pri marily an agricultural based community, where a majority of Amish men are still involved in farming and other farm based activities. It is on account of this reason that their lifestyles are fundamentally based around farming and agricultural activities. However with the rapid pace of change in the external environment brought about by urbanization has forced the Amish men to take up

Chinas One-Child Policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chinas One-Child Policy - Case Study Example Environmental Issue: The main reason and environmental science driving the whole policy is considered to be the ‎overpopulation. China covers around one fifth of the world’s population whereas it has quite a ‎lesser proportion when it comes to arable land. ‎ Benefits Due to the One Child Policy: The policy has assisted in economic fields as there has been a decrease in unemployment ‎and natural resources. The rate of exploitation has also drastically dropped down (Fong, 2006). ‎ Detailed Description of Policy: One child policy is overall an extremely controversial topic that is always in debates across ‎the planet. At every place you will find some believers and so as the disbelievers of the policy. ‎ Promotion: The overall scenario by the government was seen and they believed that a birth control policy ‎was extremely significant in order to avoid the problems faced by China then and even to avoid ‎the threats in the upcoming days. ‎ Current Status: In 2010, according to a report and survey it was estimated that these days the policy ‎implementation hasn’t been up to the mark and numerous families are violating it (Hvistendahl, ‎‎2010). ‎ Conclusion: The Chinese government claims that their one child policy had caused about three to four ‎hundred million fewer people in 2008. It is therefore the Chinese leaders and authorities believe ‎it as a great and leaping success towards helping and improving China’s current economic ‎growth. ‎ The essay aims to presents detailed analysis of the case study focused upon ‘China One Child policy’. The policy basically refers to population control measures implemented by the Chinese government with the intention to control the growth of the population of the country. The policy aims to restrict the population growth by putting restriction on the number of children a Chinese couple could have (Merli and Raftery, 2000). The essay presents an overview of

Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project - Research Paper Example This improves service delivery. The most crucial step in enhancing customer service quality is hiring qualified personnel. After hiring the right candidates, they should be trained to impart efficient customer service skills in relation to the company culture. Once absorbed into the company structures, employees should be empowered to provide. This provides them with a leeway and flexibility necessary in enhancing customer satisfaction. Feedback surveys confirm the efficiency of the training programs. The last stage of the process involves improvement of the outdated services and systems. Executive Summary Purpose of the Report The purpose of the report is to explain the impacts of customer service function in Delyumy Company, outlining the procedure followed in the formulation of efficient customer service training and show the benefits that the company attains from employee training. Secondary research included the use of various books and scholarly journals while the primary resea rch entailed the personal interviews with Rijkaard Reagan, Barry Feig and Jenifer Miles. Efficient Customer Service Training Findings from scholarly journals, books and personal interviews revealed that the golden rule for ensuring quality customer service is treating the employees well. Lack of proper treatment ranges from lack of recognition and rewards as well as inefficient training programs. ... After hiring the right candidates, they should be trained to impart efficient customer service skills in relation to the company culture. Once absorbed into the company structures, employees should be empowered to provide. This provides them with a leeway and flexibility necessary in enhancing customer satisfaction. Feedback surveys should be conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of the training programs. The last stage of the process involves improvement of the outdated services and systems. Table of Contents Transmittal Memorandum 2 Executive Summary 2 Customer Service Training 5 Secondary Research 6 Customer Service 6 Benefits of Effective Customer Service 6 Customer Service Training 7 Benefits of Employee Training 8 Primary Research 8 Interviews 8 Conclusion 10 Recommendations 12 In a recent meeting, managers and supervisors for the company (your choice) where you work (your choice) expressed concerns about employees' customer-service skills. Moreover, they wondered whether a specific set of procedures should be established — especially for new employees. They have asked you to investigate the customer service practices at other companies like yours to determine what skills should be emphasized and what procedures — if any — should be adopted. Customer Service Training Customer service is the ability of an organization to constantly and consistently provide customers with what they require i.e. ensuring satisfaction. It can also be defined as encounters that customers have with employees as they engage in their duties. Customer service is the most visible and significant aspect of organizational performance, especially in the hotel industry.

Surma People and sociology Essay Example for Free

Surma People and sociology Essay Suri people have a cattle-centered culture, the wealth of a family is measured by the number of animals owned. Usually the animals are not eaten unless a big ceremony takes place. The animals are used for milk and blood which they both drink. Sometimes Suri warriors are preparing a mixture of cattle blood and milk for a ceremonial rite called cow bleeding. Suri women are seen as the dominant gender within the culture, and seem to rule the roost and have a lot of say in daily activities. Furthermore, they also wear lip plates ascending in size dependant on their role and how well known they are. For instance, the bigger the plate the more well known and affluential they are towards the culture. The girls lower lip is cut when she reaches the age 15 or 16, and then pierced by her mother or another woman of her settlement and a simple wooden plug is inserted. The cut is held open by the wooden plug until the wound heals. After that the plug is replaced by a bigger one. Nowadays the girls in some Surma settlements decide for themselves whether to wear a lip plate or not. However, wearing a lip plate is still an expression of social adulthood and self-esteem for a Suri woman and demonstrates respect for the men. The Suri tribe is used to conflict, like for example the constant conflict with the neighboring Nyangatom tribe over land and cattle. The Suri culture demands that the men are trained as warriors as well as cattle herders. Stick-fighting events take place to train boys and young men and also to allow them to meet women. As a result the Ethiopian government banned the stick fights, which now have to take place secretly and without presence of tourist In Tulgit and Kibish you find many children by the riverbank waiting for photos in the afternoon. The usage of flowers for decoration is a wonderful habit of the children. The kids decorate themselves with flowers, blossoms and green plants they can find everywhere around the villages. However, as nice as it looks, the decoration with the flowers is not an old tradition, you cannot see this kind of decoration in remote Suri villages. The kids, also the boys, are doing it for photos and for getting a little money. But anyway: it is beautiful and funny. Especially the boys are very creative, they climb any tree they find and make bizarre faces or funny poses just to attract the tourists for a photo They raise cattle and farm when the land is fertile. Cattle are important to the Suri, as it is a status. In order for a man to marry women in Surma (Suri ) tribe, he must own at least 60 cattle and Cattle are given to the family of the woman in exchange for marriage. Like the other Omo Valley tribes and Massia, the Surma will use the milk and blood from the cow. During the dry season, the people will drink blood instead of milk. Blood can be drained from a cow once a month. This is done by making a small incision in its neck . Their villages normally range in size from 40 to 1,000 people, but a few may reach 2,500 people. Village life is largely communal, sharing the produce of the cattle. Though their chiefs (styled komaro) may wear the fur crown of a pagan priest-king, they are merely the most respected elder in a village and they can be removed. Few Surma are familiar with Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia, and their literacy level is very low. In the words of G.P. Murdock: The family is a social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. It contains adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults. Comparing Murdocks nuclear family to the research I believe that the main things to consider is that there is no economic unit regarding husbands and wives, there is no sharing of the residence between husbands and wives, only the women within their supporting kinship groups lived with children and any relationship affection from the man was taboo and resister by the kinship group. To expand, the two main reasons as to why Murdocks theory is not correct is; 1) The nuclear family is not universal. A number of societies have very different domestic arrangements to those he describes. Take K Goughs research into the The Surma people. In terms of Murdocks definition, this society does not possess a family since fathers do not share a common residence. Matrifocal, female-headed families are also an exception, not to mention Gay families who do not conform to Murdocks definition because they do not contain adults of both sexes. 2) The family is not necessarily functional for all family members. Murdock ignores the dark side of the family; domestic abuse, violence and sexual abuse,

Factors for Political Participation

Factors for Political Participation The term political participation has a very broad meaning. It is not only related to Right to Vote but simultaneously relates to participation in: decision making process, political activism, political consciousness. Women in socialist democratic countries have higher proportion of representation in their federal parliament than women in Canada because In Canada there is less population as compare to socialist democratic countries. Moreover, females are least interested in parliament. In democratic Female politicians are more likely to concentrate on problems that matter more to women such as daycare, gender equality, reproductive rights, elderly care and childrens welfare.Women turnout during Indias 2014 parliamentary general elections was 65.63%, compared to 67.09% turnout for men. India ranks 20th from the bottom in terms of representation of women in Parliament. Not only has these women politicians taken an interest in various policy issues. But it also had been shown that they a lso govern differently. In Sweden 45 per cent seats are occupied by women in parliament. So far as the administration is concerned, there are only 592 women IAS officers out of 4,671 officers(Puja mondal). The demand for special concessions and privileges along with the reservation of posts and other civic institutions are a few steps towards women empowerment in India Assemblies and parliament. Lyn Kathleen shows that American female politician have very different leadership styles from men. In her study Not only do women politicians take an interest in different policy issues, but it has also been shown that they also govern differently. Since the modern notion of human rights originated in a western women in Islamic countries in particular, find themselves in a quandary when they initiate, or participate in, a discussion on human rights whether in the west or in Muslim societies. Indian women have a distinction to become UNO Secretary (Vijay laxmi Pandit), Prime Minister (Indira Gandhi), Chief Minister (Sucheta Kriplani, Jayalalitha, Uma Bharati, Mayawati and Vasundhara Raje) and even President (Pratibha Patil). Furthermore, the limited empowerment that we have seen has been nurtured within the socio-economic-political empowerment process of people, including women, through the Panchayat system (Bagchi 2002) Structural: Structural barriers include the level of socio-economic development in a society and the percentage of women in professional and managerial activities. There is a direct link between the social and economic status of women in society and their participation in political institutions and elected bodies. Socio-economic obstacles include poverty and unemployment, lack of adequate financial resources, illiteracy and limited access to education, choice of professions and the dual burden of family and a full-time job. Women take on a disproportionate share of household tasks which makes a political career almost impossible. Moreover, household tasks, taking care of the children and elderly are not always considered as actual work. Institutional structures: Because of their multi-level hierarchy and complex decision-making help to preserve barriers in such a way that proposals regarding any aspects of gender equality often do not reach the top decision-making level. In Slovakia, the electoral system is based on proportional representation on candidates lists, which means that women have (theoretically) a better chance to be elected. The position of women on the candidates lists is then crucial for their eligibility: the higher a woman is seeded on the list, the bigger chance she has to be elected. In the 2002 elections, the share of female candidates seeded in the top half of candidates lists was 20.9% and the share in the top quarter was 17.9 %.( Alexandra 2002). Many women and men do not think that introducing quotas is a good idea. Men argue that it would be humiliating for women to introduce a quota system because our clever women can succeed themselves, and it would be against the basic human rights and equality of all. Women are skeptical mainly because of the experience with quotas from the socialist past, and because they believe that the society is not yet prepared to accept quotas. Education: Education is the best way to understand the inequality. With the help of education they have better job opportunity and serve better their community. Because women have less access to education than men, their professional advancement and chance to enter institutions involved in corporate politics at an operative level are reduced. Some societies and parents see their role in giving a full quality education to women as a privilege that can be withdrawn. The impact of illiteracy on the exercising of ones political rights has been the main method to reduce it. Women do not enter nontraditional occupations; instead women enter nurturing or tertiary occupations which inhibit political life and the growth of self confidence. There is a mindset on the part of many men and women that a role in politics is unsuitable for a woman. Poverty: Poverty is also one of the major hindrances for women to be involved in politics, namely, the disproportionate effect of poverty on women. Because of womens care giving responsibilities they often work part-time, which has a lifelong effect on womens income and women who do work full-time still earn less than men Whereas men who enter into politics tend to come from law and business and earning better. In addition, many women are discouraged by a lack of resources to finance their electoral campaign or undertake serious initiatives. Often poverty also prevents women from taking the time for political involvement. Christy Clark BC MLA(2001) asked by several Journalists to explain how she could do her job properly as provincial minister of education while simultaneously raising a new born child Type of democracy is also important. References: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com https://www.equalvoice.ca Bashevkin, Sylvia (2009), Introduction, in Bashevkin, Sylvia, Women, Power, Politics: The Hidden Story of Canadas Unfinished Democracy, Oxford University Press, p. 15, Bagchi, A.K.(2000), sangskriti, samaj,o Arthanity (in Bengali: culture, society, and economics), Calcutta. United Nations Childrens Fund, The State of the Worlds Children 2004: Girls education and development, UNICEF, New York, 2003.

The Causes of Crime Essay -- Crime Violence Criminology Essays

The causes of crime seem to be indefinite and ever changing. In the 19th century, slum poverty was blamed; in the 20th century, a childhood without love was blamed (Adams 152). In the era going into the new millennium, most experts and theorists have given up all hope in trying to pinpoint one single aspect that causes crime. Many experts believe some people are natural born criminals who are born with criminal mindsets, and this is unchangeable. However, criminals are not a product of heredity. They are a product of their environment and how they react to it. This may seem like a bogus assumption, but is undoubtedly true. There is a study devoted to finding the causes of crime and what makes people criminals. This study is appropriately called criminology. There are two main theories which criminologists categorize causes of crime, and sometimes an individual would be subject to both their influences. Theories in the first group locate the causes of crime inside the individual, which focus on stress and other psychological factors. Conversely, theories categorized in the second group focus the causes of crime on factors that are out of the control of the certain individual. These influences are sociological. Some psychologists theorize that criminals are born with a predisposition towards mental illness. Even though this is a widely accepted idea, for a mental illness to come out, it has to be catalyzed by the person's environment. In other words, even if a person were born with the biological makings of a criminal, depending on how he was raised and how he lived life would determine if this inherent attribute would manifest. There needs to be an external cause to trigger the characteristic. Many criminologists are stuck on developing biological explanations to the make-up of criminals. These theories are often called "bad seed" theories. They hold that criminals are born and not developed. The most recently discovered "bad seed" theory is that some men are born with an extra Y chromesone that makes them more aggressive (Adams 157). The problem with this theory is if one of these men with the extra chromosome was raised in a way that would inhibit the individual's trait, you would never see the characteristics of this extra chromosome and it would just devalue this theory. Another problem with this theory is that there are criminals who just happen to ... ...ves them the confidence they need to continue their criminal behavior without fear of getting caught. And there are enough people in a city that no matter how you act; you could find people just like you. If you have a tendency to get in trouble a lot, you could easily find someone to encourage your actions. A social status, whether you like it or not, can drag you into or out of a life of crime. A dead-broke bum with no house is forced to steal food in order to stay alive, and steal clothing in order to stay warm. Of course, you could suffer and not break any laws, but the immediate need would usually outweigh the consequences. You may not be literally forced into a life of crime, but it just might be the best choice you have. Being in such need makes stealing seem much more attractive than it would if you had no need to steal. As stated in the preceding paragraphs, criminals are influenced and not born. You can easily infer this on your own, but with the help of this report it seems much more obvious. The most obvious and consistent influence in the development of a person seems to be the environment in which they live in and the influence, or lack thereof, of their parents.

There Is Always More Than Meets the Eye

In everyday life false judgment is not hard to find. Everybody in the world has a different perspective and way of portraying themselves to the public, the way you look does not always show who you really are. This essay will discuss and analyze the poem â€Å"The Beggar & the Tourist† by Shahriar Shahriari that is about not judging a book by its cover. The song â€Å"The Way I Am† by Eminem talks about the same topic but with celebrities and their fans. The meaning of both will be discussed throughout the essay. These two poems are based on judgments on many points of views like media, values and society.Exploring the similarities and differences between them will help explain their meaning. The poem â€Å"The Beggar & the Tourist† clearly shows how looks can make people wonder what kind of person you are and how valuable is to society. This can be seen at the beginning: â€Å"What a simple existence, purposeless and futile my opinion† (Shahriari 2) this was addressed by the tourist when he saw a bum just staring into the sky. The poem clearly states how some determine a person’s value to society basing on looks, without knowing or speaking to them ever in their life. This kind of mentality can affect how and with who you socialize.In this case the bum thinks the tourist is as useless as him because he lives as a slave of society when he stated in the poem: â€Å"He saw a young man busily running around in futile pursuit/Only to fulfill what he was taught, someone's ideal to suite† (Shahriari 3). Eminem in his song â€Å"The Way I Am† talks about the judgment between fans and celebrities in the part of the song: â€Å"I'm so sick and tired of being admired / That I wish that I would just die or get fired / And dropped from my label and stop with the fables† (Eminem 62-64) In this verse Eminem is talking about him being tired of getting so much attention.All that attention gets in the way of him being able to live a normal life and he would rather get a new job than to live by the expectations of the fans. They expect him to always be a nice man when he is just simple human being like the rest of the world that have their ups and downs. It also expresses a hard critic on society and media when he says: â€Å"When a dude's getting bullied and shoots up his school / And they blame it on Marilyn†¦ and the heroin / Where were the parents at?And look where it's at / Middle America, now it's a tragedy / Now it's so sad to see, an upper class city / Having this happening† (Eminem 52-55) This entire verse talks about the Columbine shooting tragedy and how the media tries to cover it up by blaming the music that they listened and the drugs they used. Eminem criticized the media on why they did not stop to think maybe it was their parent’s negligence to prevent the bulling against their kids. He also criticizes how if that same scenario happened in a lower society class the media would not have cared that much.There are lots of differences and similarities between these two poems. The most obvious similarity between the song and the traditional poem is the prejudgment and both authors criticize it from different perspectives. The difference between them is the subject is addressed in the prejudgment. In the â€Å"The Beggar & the Tourist† it is between a bum and a suit tourist and in the song â€Å"The Way I Am† it is between celebrities and their fans. Both poems have very noticeable social critics such as the significance of life and how looks can affect how people think of you.The world suffers from this social outbreak because it is taught since childhood how poor people break the law and rich people do not, how black people are bad and white people are good. Since we were born society has always been telling us what to do depending on our ethnicity, status and personality. These are examples of the most common prejudgments of society that have to be changed and the objective of the poems is to open the eyes of people and make them realize how this is happening.

Americanization of Canada

Former Canadian Prime Minister, Trudeau once compared living next to America to sleeping with an elephant. He said, â€Å"You can not help but be aware of its every movement. † American culture influences not only Canadian culture but also the culture of every country in the world. Sneakers, blue jeans, burgers, and Hollywood blockbusters are only some of the many ways American culture impacts everybody.One of the most telling signs of Americanization seems to be the spread of American burgers and cola to nearly every country on earth, crowning the United States as the king of pop culture. Since the start of the 21st century, the massive role that the United States plays in every aspect of Canadian life continues to grow more apparent. Canada and America are each others main allies because of their proximity in terms of culture, history and geography. Canada’s floundering identity is slowly diluting and digressing towards a more assertive American way of life.By choosin g to model their society and economy after America's, the threat of Canada failing to create a distinctive heritage for itself becomes much more realistic and apparent. By defining America, their society, and economy one can see the threat of Canada losing its heritage is increasing. The Canadian and American relationship is much like the relationship of Siamese twins. They can not be separated without one of them dying and they can not be apart no matter how hard they try.This makes it even more difficult for Canada to establish their own identity and purpose because America’s cultural influences are so profound and apparent in Canadian culture and way of life. No matter how hard they try, Canada’s culture will always be intertwined with America’s culture. The media is one major way that America has influenced Canada. Canada does not have a true identity and from an outsider of both countries, they will often confuse America and Canada.

Pollution Summary Essay

What is Air Pollution? The air we breathe supplies the oxygen that sustains life. Humans need oxygen to survive, and plants and animals need oxygen to survive. Our air supply has become contaminated by human activity. We have created machinery that has produced smog and acid rain. We have created a green house effect and have made holes in our ozone layer. Each of these acts can cause serious health problems for humans and animals, and can cause grave harm to our vegetation and ecosystems. There are seven main types of air pollutants. Raven (2008) describes them as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, air toxics, and carbon oxides. Particulate matter can come from dust, soil, soot, and asbestos Nitrogen oxides come from gasses that are produced by chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. Sulfur oxides come from chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen. Hydrocarbons come from chemical interactions between hydrogen and carbon. Ozone comes in two forms; (1) oxygen’s reaction with UV radiation in the stratosphere and, (2) oxygen reaction in the troposphere what creates smog. Air toxics can be radioactive substances, fluorides, and hydrochloric acid, and carbon oxides are carbon monoxide and dioxide. Causes of Air Pollution Chemicals, human sources, and natural sources contribute to air pollution. Air pollution can be traced all the way back to Ancient Roman times. â€Å"Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way into the air. † (Caroline, David, Michael, Mindy, Neil, and Vikas, 1999, The Environment: A Global Challenge. Air Pollution). Air pollution occurs in the atmosphere and can move easily from one location to another, it is a global concern. Air pollution is a problem both outdoors and inside homes. Chemicals There are seven main types of air pollutants according to a regulatory perspective. These are: particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, and air toxics. Particulate matter is made of thousands of solid and liquid particles hanging in the atmosphere. Solid particulate matter is commonly known as dust; whereas as liquid articulate matter is known as mist. Particulate matter includes the following pollutants: soot, lead, asbestos, soil particles, sea salt, and sulfuric acid droplets. Nitrogen oxides are gases produced as a result of interaction between nitrogen and oxygen involves a supply of energy such as combustion of fuels resulting in high temperatures. Sulfur oxides are gases. These gases are a result of a chemical interaction between sulfur and oxygen. When combined with water, the result is sulfuric acid. Carbon oxides consist of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide has no color, smell, or taste and is second as an air pollutant only to carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is also does not have color, smell, or taste and is a greenhouse gas. Hydrocarbons consist are a varied collection of organic compounds including hydrogen and carbon. Small hydrogen molecules are gaseous at room temperature. Hydrocarbons include methane (colorless and odorless gas principally included in natural gas), benzene (which is a liquid at room temperature), and paraffin (which is a solid at room temperature). Ozone is a form of oxygen that is a pollutant in one area of the atmosphere but essential in another area of the atmosphere. Hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) consist of hundreds of other air pollutants such as chlorine, lead, hydrochloric acid, formaldehyde, radioactive substances, and fluorides. Humans Many chemicals that cause air pollution exist naturally in our world. These chemicals are harmful in both their natural form; however, become even more harmful when burned by humans for fuel, heat, or electricity. The two main causes of air pollutants in urban areas are transportation and fuel combustion from stationary sources. The stationary sources are heating and cooling for buildings and coal-burning power plants. Vehicles such as cars, trains, heavy-duty trucks, and airplanes, produce high amounts of carbon dioxide while fuel combustion produces high amounts of sulfur dioxide. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) â€Å"are man-made compounds that were originally developed in 1930 as a safer alternative to the refrigerants then in use such as sulfur dioxide and ammonia.

The Shoe Shop Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Shoe Shop - Case Study Example The shoe industry, together with the apparel and accessories sectors posts increases in total turnover in the past year which shows the increasing demand and market for these products. The creation and operation of The Shoe Shop which will commence on January 2008 is another quest to provide products for this profitable market. The price of shoes in London is highly dependent on the strategies employed by the different industry players (BFA 2007). Business organizations which employ differentiation and niche strategies enhance the image of their brands by putting a high margin in their shoe products. A good example of this is Russell and Bromley where a pair of women's shoes can cost up to '200.00 (Russell and Bromley 2007). On the other hand mid-priced companies charge from '40 to '90 for a pair of shoes. Shoe manufacturers who are utilizing cost leadership strategies can price more competitively at less than '30. Ben Sherman can price as low as '15 for a pair of women's shoes. These pricing strategies of the competitors in the market together with the survey conducted to determine the target consumers' preferences become the primary bases of The Shoe Shop's proposed pricing strategies. The pricing strategy of a business organization is one of the key elements to its success and even mere survival in the industry where it operates (Kotler 2005). In this consideration, The Shoe Shop formulates its pricing strategy as a way to efficiently generate the maximum profit available. The main aim of the pricing strategy is to cover all the company's efforts in production and other activities, provide ample margin for profits, build the hip image that the company desires, and generate enough demand by pricing competitively and at par with other industry players. In order to determine the pricing strategy, the market research department of the shoe shop conducted a survey which is geared in appropriate rice for a pair of shoes. Considering the target market of The Shoe Shop, the survey was participated by both men and women whose age ranges from 18-35 years old. The market research department concluded that within this age range, consumers are very much concerned about their image and prefer products which express what is hip and trendy. They are willing to pay more for image but most will not spend more than '92.00 for a pair of shoes. Thus, with this consideration, The Shoe Shop will price a pair of shoes in its product line for '70.00. III. Per Unit Cost Statement The costs associated with the production and marketing of the company's shoes generally has a variable and fixed component. The variable costs are direct materials and direct labor both of which can be directly traced to the individual shoes being manufactured. Even though the sizes and design of the shoes vary, the company's direct material cost '27.25 for each pair. Direct labour is 1.25 hours and employees are paid '15.00 per hour of labor. In terms of indirect costs, The Shoe Shop pays a monthly overhead of '7,500. The manufacturing department together with other functional areas, is serviced by the administrative and marketing department. The Shoe Shop allocates a monthly overhe

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 4

Research proposal - Essay Example panies in processing of data into information but also in using the information in doing business analysis, as well as in taking critical business decisions regarding future investment opportunities. Using MIS, companies can retrieve information in the form of well-documented reports that contain information about all technicalities and aspects that can influence the business at some point in future. Along with this, MIS also helps companies in setting and achieving short-term and long-term strategic goals and objectives (Earl 1998). Because of these benefits, production and manufacturing companies have started to use Management Information Systems to manage information about inventory and other business processes. However, there exist some challenges that need to be addressed in order to make an efficient use of this technology. According to Oz (2009, p.9), information is the lifeblood of any organization†. Without having significant amount of information, a company can never operate efficiently in today’s world of competition because information is the base for every successful business move. In general, management information system refers to processing of data into information in such a way that it can be used by organizations to administer different business activities. According to Abel (2008), Management Information System is an important software application that deals with the use of information technology tools to help managers and employees in performing different tasks associated with information processing and management. Management information systems perform all the tasks related to information management which include collection of data, editing of data, processing of data into required information, and generating relevant reports based on the stored data. As Dawn (2009) states, â€Å"management information systems are used by organizations to track, store, manipulate and distribute information to the appropriate people†. A management

Marketing to the South Asian Population Assignment

Marketing to the South Asian Population - Assignment Example Moreover, the increase of ethnic diversity has become a trend that will increase, which means that UK population will be even more heterogeneous in future. (Halsey, 2000) The number of immigrants from South Asia will rise, which means greater social weight for this group - currently, the largest of all ethnic minorities in the UK. Adding to social weight also means adding to economic value of South Asian population in Britain. Previously perceived as lacking the purchasing power (Sivanandan, 1989) ethnic minorities now present a significant segment "as consumers, workers, and investors in Europe new immigrant groups are beginning to impact the economic, social and political scene" (Palumbo and Teich, 2004). On the one hand, the significance of ethnic minorities increases, and on the other one, practitioners lack the information on how to use their presence. Indeed, buying behaviour of foreigners differ from European significantly. For instance, Delener (1990) finds that religiosity affects significantly buying behaviour of many ethnic groups. Therefore, understanding of purchasing habits of people from minority ethnic group requires understanding of their cultural differences, which become apparent in ethnic identities of each nation. Despite the wide academic interest to immigrant adaptation (Bhugra et al., 1999; Masuda et al., 1970; Phinney, 1990; Ward and Kennedy, 1994) there is still a significant lack of coherence in the description of ethnic identity, particularly because of terminological issues. Ethnic identity is explained in early studies as common ancestry based on shared individual characteristics and socio-cultural experiences (Drieger, 1978); and as fellings of belonging or commitment (Ting-Toomey, 1981). Later researches consider ethnic identity of a group or individual as the maintenance of original ethnic persona (Laroche et al., 1998) and a sense of shared values and attitudes (White and Burke, 1987). Thus 'ethnic identity' is not a clear term, but rather an umbrella of terms close to each other, yet not exactly similar, remaining opened for new perspectives. Consequently, such multi-dimensional definition of ethnic identity has led to wide acceptance of its multi-dimensional nature (Christian et al., 1976). Another underlying notion widely agreed is that ethnic identity is bound to culture. (Rosenthal and Hrynevich, 1985). However cultural dimensions vary across studies, proposing different models for the analysis of ethnic identity, mainly depending on the particular observed identity. For instance, Palumbo and Teich (2004) indicate religion, rite of passage, language, food and leisure as dimensions of Hispanic ethnic identity. Laroche et al. (2005) while observing differences between Greek and Italian identities, analyse three dimensions: ethnic language use with family members, ethnic language media exposure and ethnic attachment. More general research of Constant et al. (2006) measured ethnic identities of ex-Yugoslavian, Greek, Italian, Turkish and Spanish ethnic groups with five elements: language, culture, social interaction, hist ory of migration, and ethnic self-identification. Without further excessive specification, seven widely accepted dimensions of ethnic identity are given: language, friendship networks, religious affiliation, participation in clubs and organisations, food preferences, traditional celebrations, and politics. Ethnic minority groups present a vast field of interest

English settlement in the Americas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English settlement in the Americas - Essay Example The colonization had made Spain the wealthiest nation, during the later years of the 1500s. The inflow of the English was triggered by the need to colonize and explore the Americas, after they saw that Spain was growing extremely rich during the sixteenth century (Benedict 1996). However, the colonization and the exploration style of England was different from that of Portugal and Spain, as England privatized its exploration, through granting letters of Marquis and charters to the individuals that captured English colonies as economic strongholds. This paper will explore the motives behind the development of English settlements in the Americas, both from the perspective of the settlers and official policy formulations (Starkey 1998). The motives included mercantilism, which is the economic outlook of integrating private and government efforts, towards fostering economic development. The aims of the system included managing all the components of American trade, including transport, pr oduction and retailing – under the control of England. ... There was also the spread of Protestantism, partly due to Henry VIII’s pursuit of getting a male child. After the death of Edward in 1553, Mary I took over, and she started killing Protestants, so that she could restore England to Catholicism. On one occasion, she commanded the execution of 300 Protestants for heresy, and had them burnt. During the time of fleeing England to avoid persecution, and after the reign of Elizabeth, the English settled in the Americas – and in the process realized the goal of expanding their religious coverage (Spielvogel 2000). The English sought to expand the coverage of their religion, as there was the common view that Spanish Catholicism was evil. As a result, the attacks staged on Spanish ships by Sir Francis, while in the American waters were hailed as a heroic act, and not pirate activity. The demolition of the Spanish armada paved way for the English explorers to colonize the Americas, which was also an effort to contain the spread of Catholicism. The development of English settlements in the Americas was also triggered by the population increase of the 1500s. During the time, England passed laws on enclosure, making all land private, which made it very difficult for commoners to feed their animals at public lands. The shift towards privatizing land resulted from the increase in the price of wool. As a result, land owners decided to stop the competition for provision of wool by increasing their farm lands and to increase their wealth through the trade. The shift increased wool production, but also led to an increase in the number of landless people, who has sustained their livelihood by grazing at public lands. Also, between 1530