The basque conflict

THE BASQUE CONFLICTUndertaking FrameworkThe Basque struggle, rendered more acute by the constitution of a terrorist administration in the 2nd half of the twentieth century, illustrates the modern-day hinderances of an invigorated Europe, concerned with theories of integrating and societal consensus. This undertaking intends to consist a descriptive and theoretical attack, instead than a quantitative analysis based on the materialization of the struggle by the violent incursions of the nationalist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ( ETA ) . On the one manus, the first portion compares and contrasts the sui generis Spanish state-building procedure to the thriving & A ; lsquo ; imagined community ‘ of Sabino Arana, raised through the patriotism of the nineteenth century, and articulated in relevant facts and figures. On the other manus, the 2nd portion brings the struggle to a modern province of personal businesss, i.e. a scenario of diverse efforts to decrease force and extremism. It considers micro and macro positions and reactions of exogenic histrions to this aggiornamento, and despite the diverse readings of ethnicity, the paper considers the present context of globalization, in which individualities are no longer guaranteed through provinces and boundary lines.IntroductionThe failings in the procedure of Spanish state-building – to which Basque patriotism is inextricably linked – constitute an simple foundation to understand the rules of ETA ( 1959 ) , as a terrorist administration, and the natur e of the nationalist individualities involved in the struggle. In conformity with Linz: & A ; lsquo ; Spain [ & A ; hellip ; ] is a instance of early state-building, where the political, societal and cultural integrating of its territorial constituents was non to the full accomplished ‘ ( 1973: 33 ) , and as a consequence, its development differs from other European instance surveies in important ways, chiefly due to its dramatic prostration as a colonial power ( Mees 2003 ) . Throughout clip, Spain was downplayed from being the most dominant European colonial power to a insolvent, weakened province with & A ; lsquo ; internal jobs of legitimacy, individuality, incursion and engagement ‘ ( Mees 2003: 6 ) . Within this unstable context, the fusion of the disparate districts in Spain resulted in a state missing the instruments of integrating and coherence. Therefore, Spanish patriotism in the nineteenth century remained weak and ne'er became a motion ( Seixas 1993 ) .The Post-Colonial State-BuildingThis procedure involved no common external enemy or national symbols that would advance the thought of an & A ; lsquo ; imagined community ‘ ( Anderson 1999 ) : it was non the aggressive nature of Spanish patriotism that fuelled the & A ; lsquo ; lastingness of regional and local particularisms ‘ , but its failing ( Mees 2003: 7 ) . The Spanish were ne'er to the full submitted to the thought of state, and remained loyal to their local parts, such as the Basque Provinces, consisting a peculiar and differential civilization, i.e. an cultural community that would subsequently go mobilised as a political state ( Smith 1986 ) . In historical footings, the appropriation of Navarre in the sixteenth century represents the constitution of modern Spain and the domination of Castile over uninfringeable civilizations. Furthermore, the Crown recognised the importance of gestating particular rights to certain parts that became exempt from naming soldiers to the cardinal forces, and were granted a system of Torahs and patterns called fueros – that represented a major right of the Basque population, as they conferred ( since its codification in the seventeenth century ) conditions for decision-making in most political and economic personal businesss, with no intercession from the cardinal authorities ( Osma 1996: 34 ) . However, the development of the Carlist political orientation ( in the nineteenth century ) , desecrated the firm dealingss with Castile ( Flynn 2000: 100 ) , and following its triumph in the 3rd war ( 1872-1876 ) , the Broad Government declared the abolishment of privileges to the Basque Country, inciting a strong opposition. Hence, the struggle in the Basque Country can be interpreted as a reaction to the abolishment of rights and grants granted throughout history, and harmonizing to the patriots: the indignant reaction to the withdrawing of the fueros represented a & A ; lsquo ; national waking up ‘ among the Basque people ( Mees 2003 ) . Early on Basque nationalist feeling in the nineteenth century created an hostile political and societal attitude towards the cardinal authorities, with a developing anti-Spanish and breakaway civilization ( Mees 2003: 8 ) . Furthermore, urban industrialization and the inflow of Spanish-speaking laborers were seen to present a menace to Basque civilization, which is highly conservative and based about purely Catholic values, promoting a nationalist feeling ( Woodworth 2001:3 ) . As Basque industrialization occurred chiefly in Biscay, with & A ; lsquo ; production of steel, modern shipyards and excavation ‘ ( Conversi 1997: 48 ) , these activities increased the demand for unskilled labor and society decomposition. As an illustration of this phenomenon, the population in Bilbao increased from 35,505 dwellers in 1877 to 83,306 in 1900 ( Atienza 1979: 73 ) – out of the 80 % of immigrants, 50 % were non Basques ( Atienza 1979: 74 ) .The Establishment of an & A ; lsquo ; Imagin ed Community ‘The nationalist political orientation expanded by Sabino Arana, laminitis of the Partido Nacionalista Vasco ( PNV ) in 1895 ( Mees 2003: 5 ) , followed his perceptual experience of industrialization – and the attendant in-migration to the part – as a menace to Basque civilization. Arana published his book For the Independence of Biscay ( 1892 ) and assisted the formation of the first Batzoki – subsequently the Bizkai Buru Batzar – i.e. an ideological group that worked as a precursor of the PNV ( Elorza 1978: 113 ) . However, after the intercession of Spanish Authorities, Arana was arrested and the party rose as an organized construction, adhering to its pronunciamento ( PNV Manifesto 1906: Volume II ) . Returned to Biscay, after a class of Law in Barcelona – where he was impressed by the Catalan Language and the development of Catalonia after the Renaixen & A ; ccedil ; a- Arana ( a cardinal participant of patriotism in the nineteenth century ) was motivated to analyze Euskerab and contribute to the Basque civilization ( Conversi 1997: 74 ) . He took the position that merely absolute independency from the Spanish province would procure lasting felicity and freedom for the Basque people as civilization, history and race needed to be reaffirmed in order to work out the frozen jobs. As a effect, anything Spanish ( or non-Basque ) would hold to be expelled ( Mees 2003: 803 ) , as following the nationalist feeling, the lone manner to win would be through the creative activity of a & A ; lsquo ; nationalist history with deep fabulous deductions, every bit good as nationalist symbols and purification of the Basque linguistic communication ‘ ( Payne 1971: 23 ) . Therefore, in a primary effort to happen the nationalist political orientation, Arana created symbols that included: the name, Euskadi ; the anthem, Gora Ta Gora ; and the flag Ikurri & A ; ntilde ; a, adopted by the PNV in 1933. Unlike Spanish fusion, Arana succeeded in making an & A ; lsquo ; imagined community ‘ , with history, traditions and civilization unique to the Basque part ( Anderson 1999 ) .Violent Incursions and Peace AttemptsSince the early 1990s, the resistance within Basque society to the continuance of the struggle has been steadily increasing: groups of citizens became efficaciously mobilised in an attempt to distribute their pacificist positions throughout the Basque community and construct a new anti-violence consensus ( Funes 1998: 493 ) . Beyond Basque society, they aim at act uponing political leaders, Spanish and Basque authoritiess and at decreasing the power of ETA. As they believe that the people of the Basque Provinces has a duty for the being and th e continuity of force, they intend to go a vehicle for peace. These pacificist groups have increased the conditions – both socially and politically – for declaration, though ETA retains the support of a & A ; lsquo ; qualitatively important sector of Basque society ‘ ( Funes 1998 ) . On a micro position of external intercession, Gesto por la Paz is composed of 160 subgroups throughout the Basque state and Navarre and organises street presentations that on a regular basis attract 15-20,000 followings ; and Elkarri, with up to 107 subgroups, was founded by members of the patriot left, close to ETA and aims to act upon those who would fall in the terrorist administration or transport out violent onslaughts. The latter attempts to spread out duologue on both sides through conferences, addresss and publications, as both groups look at the Basque people for support in denouncing force and cut downing breakaway extremist motions ( Funes 1998 ) . While groups such as these have done much over the old ages to make conditions for peace, every bit long as there is a minority who sees force as the lone solution, grass-root degree protests have merely a limited impact. There is grounds that Basque society is less and less inclined towards back uping the force of ETA, giving room for optimism, but peace will merely come when the leading of the group comes to see diplomatic negotiations as the manner frontward. There are three of import minutes in the history of ETA as a terrorist group, which halted its activities and brought together the two sides of the struggle. The first minute follows the most intense onslaught against civilians in 1987, when the political parties decided to come in into negotiations with one another, actuating ETA and the authorities to discourse the jobs of the Basque Country, such as: the Pact of Madrid ( 1987 ) , the Pact of Ajuria Enea ( 1988 ) , the Pact of Ardanza ( 1988 ) , and the Pact of Navarra ( 1988 ) . In add-on, the Plan Ardanza ( 1998 ) , created by the President of the Spanish Government, Jos & A ; eacute ; Antonio Ardanza Garro, in an effort to work out the state of affairs in the Basque Country, led to a proposal by the PNV and ETA to prosecute a general understanding, in which the parties were committed to convey together the six districts of the Basque Country whereas ETA would declare ceasefire. Second, and sing the incapacity of the Partido Popular ( PP ) and the Partido Socialista Obrero Espa & A ; ntilde ; ol ( PSOE ) in deciding the Basque struggle, parties and ideological administrations signed a treaty in Estella, Navarre ( 1998 ) , harmonizing to which they would analyze the acceptance of the same political declarations applied to the Northern Ireland instance. The elections in the Autonomous Basque Community declared triumph of the PNV, and there were many understandings between this party and the PP Government until the secret meeting of 1999 between the two parties, which represented strong contact between ETA and the cardinal authorities. However, for PP, this was a manner to understand whether the terrorist group would be favorable to a definite ceasefire. Therefore, the meeting proved unfruitful and the terrorist onslaughts restarted. ETA declared the terminal of ceasefire in 1999 and following this, the PNV accused the terrorist administration of representing a bad influence on Basque patriotism. On the other manus, ETA published the dialogues with the PNV and confessed the false ceasefire of 1998. The Euskal Herritarrok was favoured by the PNV but decided to abandon the Basque Parliament, go forthing the latter in a political minority. Finally, the 3rd of import arrest in force was the proclamation of a lasting ceasefire from the 24th March 2006 onwards, in order to transport on the dialogues with the cardinal authorities of Jos & A ; eacute ; Luis Zapatero ( PSOE ) , who informed the media on the 29th June 2006 that the conditions for an institutional duologue had been met.Chemical reactions of Exogenous ActorsIn footings of international cooperation by external histrions, the reaction of France to this struggle has been simple, as although in the yesteryear, the Basque leading has chosen to run from that state – due to fewer constabulary pressure- since the 1990 ‘s, it has made an attempt to grok the ETA leading ( Telegraph 2nd March 2002 ) . About all high-level members of the administration have been seized in France, including the suspected leader, Jurden Martitegi, arrested in April of this twelvemonth. However, the significance of the Catholic religion in Basque nationalist look led to another cardinal reaction, as it preceded the intercession of Pope John XXIII, in the Encyclical Letter Pacem in Terris ( 1963 ) . In conformity with this papers, minority groups became widespread throughout the universe but due to some solid grounds in the international province of personal businesss, & A ; lsquo ; [ †¦ ] minority peoples are frequently obliged to populate within the districts of a state of a different cultural beginning ‘ ( Pope John XXIII 1963 & A ; religious order ; 94 ) . Consequently: This state of affairs gives rise to serious jobs [ and ] so, the best involvements of justness are served by those public governments who do all they can to better the human conditions of the members of these minority groups, particularly in what concerns their linguistic communication, civilization, ancient traditions, and their economic activity and endeavor ( Pope John XXIII 1963 & A ; religious order ; 96 ) . This engagement – complemented by the reference of Pope John Paul II to the United Nations ( 1995 ) , where it is stated that the phenomenon of ethnicity & A ; lsquo ; must non be underestimated or regarded as a simple left-over of the past ‘ but conversely & A ; lsquo ; [ †¦ ] demands serious reading, and a closer scrutiny on the degrees of anthropology, moralss and jurisprudence ( John Paul II 1995 & A ; religious order ; 7 ) – entreaties to the sense of regard of established states and constitutes an illustration of international intercessions that protect the involvements of cultural minorities. Although many writers portion these same positions, apostolic intercessions were peculiarly relevant in the spiritual position quo of that part. Furthermore, every bit far as EU declarations are concerned, and sing the terrorist onslaught of 11th March 2004, the European Council carried out a & A ; lsquo ; Declaration on Combating Terrorism ‘ ( 2004 ) mentioning to the commissariats of the Charter of the United Nations ( Security Council 1373 of 2001 ) , which states that allowing support to the victims is paramount in the battle against terrorist act. In this model, the EU revised its strategic rules, which included: beef uping a response against terrorist act and its effects ; keeping the entree of terrorists to economic resources ; and maximizing the capacity within the EU organic structures to look into and prosecute terrorists. Furthermore, all Member States would be obliged to move in solidarity in the instance of a terrorist onslaught, call uping all their resources. This step complements the List of Terrorist Organisations – that includes ideological groups of ETA – created by the European Council in 2003. Similarly, the United States of America, following a recommendation to better international coaction by the President of the Spanish Government, Jos & A ; eacute ; Mar & A ; iacute ; a Aznar, included this administration in their list of terrorist menaces.DecisionAs an illustration of an cultural struggle, the saving of patriotism and racial individuality in the Basque Country has been guaranteed through force – in the name of its tradition, history and national symbols – by those who perceive ancient heritage as an entitlement to self-government, and see their ethnicity as racially different from the remainder of Spain. Violent incursions were justified on these evidences. In conformity with old considerations, Sabino Arana realised that in order to salvage Basque cultural individuality ( including moral and spiritual values ) , patriotism would necessitate an exclusivist individuality. Therefore, one of the nucleus rules of Basque patriotism became & A ; lsquo ; integrity of race ‘ , maintained through extinguishing Spanish influence and migration ( Payne 1971:36-37 ) . In the Catalan and Galician Nationalist motions, rank can be gained through larning the linguistic communication and assimilative civilization. However, those wishing to fall in the PNV had to turn out that their first four family names ( subsequently merely one ) were & A ; lsquo ; etymologically ‘ Basque. Therefore, in pattern, Basque national individuality can non be acquired through acquisition of the linguistic communication or practicing of Basque traditions. There is no possibility of non-natives fall ining and as such, it is a really exclusivist motion ( Mees 2003: 12 ) . The Basque patriots encouraged a sense of a alone Basque racial pureness, different from the one of the maketos ( Conversi 1997: 60 ) , there is disapprobation of matrimony between Basques and non-Basques due to the proliferation of Spanish values instead than Basque values ( Flynn 2000: 154 ) and the belief that & amp ; lsquo ; compared to the Basques, the Spanish did non even represent a race of their ain, being a mix of many peoples ‘ ( Flynn 2000: 154 ) . There is non merely a strong racial component, but besides a strong spiritual one, with Basque patriots believing that there should be absolute subordination of the political domain to the spiritual one and of the province to the church ( Payne 1971: 38 ) . This racial stance has deductions for immigrants wishing to come and work in the Basque part. Radicalisation has happened at times of mass in-migration by non-Basques into the country, making an anti-migrant civilization within the community and a hatred for any thing non-Basque. Race and faith are the nucleus values of Basque Nationalism, non civilization, giving it an highly sole individuality.

Northwest State College

1 SUPPLEMENTAL CASE: Chapter 7 Case: Northwest State College Northwest State College (a disguised name) is a four-year regional state college and has an enrollment of about 3,500 students. Its business department has a faculty of seven full-time instructors, and other part-time instructors are used as needed. Currently about 900 students are majoring in business. The college is located in a medium-sized northern community of about 70,000. Most of the faculty recruiting is done by one person, the department head, who makes the initial contact with prospective faculty members at various professional meetings held during the school year. If the department head cannot attend a meeting recruiting is done by an instructor from the business department. Projections are that enrollment at Northwest State will increase about 25% in the next five years. Most of the increase is expected in the business area. The ideal faculty size would be about 16 full-time instructors. Most of the full-time instructors currently in the Department of Business Administration hold MAs or MBAs from various northern colleges. The salary scales and fringe benefits are considered to be slightly lower than the compensation available at similar colleges in the region. In addition to any increase in faculty members needed due to enrollment, three replacements are needed for this fall in the business area to replace individuals who have gone elsewhere. Northwest State has a recruiting policy that requires final approval of candidates by the department head, the vice president for academic affairs, and the president of the college. In addition, the school has a policy requiring that at least two candidates be invited to the campus before any candidate can be hired so that adequate screening can take place. Often the result is a waiting period of two months between initial contact, application, and campus interview for most applicants. Some other small colleges in the area pay full travel expenses for potential candidates, while the majority of the others pay at least half. Northwest State does not pay any travel expenses if the candidate is not hired. Only if the candidate is offered a position and accepts is full reimbursement for travel expenses given. Usually the payment comes about two months after the campus interview. In the past Northwest State has not been very successful in filling empty positions. The president is concerned and wants to evaluate the recruiting program so that a better one can be designed. Questions 1. List the reasons why you would not consider a position at Northwest State if you were a potential applicant. 2. Evaluate the approval procedure for applicants. 3. What would be the components in a recruiting system you design? 1. Beginning, I would not be interested in a position at Northwest State college for these reasons: Firstly, due to the salary scales being slightly lower than the compensation available at similar colleges in the region. There are currently instructor's at this college that hold MBA's and MA who are not being compensated accordingly at college which wants to see growth of 25% in the next five years. Secondly, considering how rigorous the selection process appears to be for potential applicants an incentive to off set the process would be to at the least cover ones travel expenses in advance. These proponents do not make a great first impression toward me and show the school potential lack of interest in recruiting the best instructor available. Lastly, I would have addition concerns regarding the current vacancies that need to be filled. There just some question that need to be answered. If the enrollment is planning to ramp up then why is it that faculty do not want to have part in a growing institution. 2. In evaluating the approval procedure for applicants the components the college has in place appear to be thorough and in-depth. However, some of the policies in place are some much in depth that it could deter an applicant's interest in the position. If the president had the confidence in it department head then some steps in the approval procedure could be eliminated. The current screening process requires too much time in between the initial contact, application completion and the campus visits of applicants. 3. Through evaluating Northwest State's recruiting process it allowed for me to consider in designing a recruiting system with effective components: First, I would consider training new hires due to its financial advantage amend their prior external experience (204). Secondly, being a strategic recruiter by discovering talent before it is needed, capitalizing on windfall opportunities when there is an abundance of highly qualified people (195). If this component can be executed then the talent potential increases for fulling a position when time. Another component I would implement in my recruiting system is develop strong Internet recruiting abilities.

Human Resource Development and Workers Commitment in Nigeria

INTRODUCTION The focus of this paper is to examine the role of human resource development and workers commitment in organization in particular and in Nigeria as a whole. For the purpose of this study, the concept of human resource development and manpower development will be used interchangeably. In any organization, it is the workforce who is considered important assets for the achievement of organizational goals. Every industry desires to maximize its human resources to see that the best output is achieved.Therefore, human resource development policies are closely associated to that aspect of human resource management that is concerned with investing in people and developing the organization’s human capital. Keep (1989) in his view say: one of the primary objectives of human resource management is the creation of condition whereby the latent potential of employees will be realized and their commitment to the causes of the organization secured.This latent potential is taken t o include, not only the capacity to acquire and utilize new skills and knowledge but also a hitherto untapped wealth of ideas about how the organization’s operations might be better ordered. The issue for employers goes beyond the need to upgrade the skills of the current workforce. It is also necessary to equip future entrants to the workforce with the requisite education which make them ‘trainable’ for emerging and constantly changing skills requirement.It is generally believed that if overall human conditions are to improve, there must be increasing emphasis on human resources development. Appropriately, such development provides for increase in productivity, enhance competitiveness and support economic growth. The importance of human resources development is obvious when one considered that in any economic activity, it is the human element that commands, direct, organizes, controls and maximizes. CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION Training and development remains a maj or component of human resource development.By definition, human resource (HR) is the manpower, employee or worker required by an organization; be it public or private to enable it achieves its predetermined objectives. That is, the purpose for which it is set up. It could mean the entire human resource (skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled) available within the country. Human resource development or otherwise manpower development is a continuous process of impacting new information, skills, attitude and ideas to employees dictated by the requirement of job change. It is a means of overcoming employee obsolescence through education and training.In other words, HR-development is a means by which employees are kept current on their official duties, this means in effect that it is the process of preparing the total quantitative and qualitative human asset in a nation or organization so that they can move with the nation or organizations as they develop, change and grow. Human resources d evelopment is a combination of training and education that ensure the continual improvement and growth of both the individual and the organization. Adam Smith stated that, â€Å"the capacities of individuals depended on their access to education†.In economic term, it could be describe as the accumulation of human capital and its effective investment in the development of a nation’s economy. In political term, manpower or HR development prepares people for adult participation in political process particularly as a citizen in democratic country. On the whole, HRD is the process of planning and controlling the way in which a person’s performance and potentials are developed by training and educational development programmes. WORKERS COMMITMENT A wide variety of definitions and measure of workers commitment exist.Beckeri, Randal, and Riegel (1995) defined the term in a three dimensions: 1. a strong desire to remain a member of a particular organization; 2. a willing ness to exert high levels of efforts on behalf of the organization; 3. a define belief in and acceptability of the values and goals of the organization. To Northcraft and Neale (1996), commitment is an attitude reflecting an employee's loyalty to the organization, and an ongoing process through which organization members express their concern for the organization and its continued success and well being.Organizational commitment is determined by a number of factors, including personal factors (e. g. , age, tenure in the organization, disposition, internal or external control attributions); organizational factors (job design and the leadership style of one's supervisor); non-organizational factors (availability of alternatives). All these things affect subsequent commitment (Nortcraft and Neale, 1996). Mowday, Porter, and Steer (1982) see commitment as attachment and loyalty. These authors describe three components of commitment: ? an identification with the goals and values of the o rganization ?A desire to belong to the organization. ?A willingness to display effort on behalf of the organization. A similar definition of commitment emphasizes the importance of behaviour in creating it. Salancik (1977) conceives commitment as a state of being in which an individual becomes bound by his actions and it is these actions that sustain his activities and involvement. From this definition, it can be inferred that three features of behavior are important in binding individuals to act: visibility of acts, the extent to which the outcomes are irrevocable; and the degree to which the person undertakes the action voluntarily.To Salancik therefore, commitment can be increased and harnessed to obtain support for the organizational ends and interests through such things as participation in decision-making. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND WORKERS COMMITMENT IN NIGERIA The most important strategy for productivity improvement is based on the fact that huma n productivity, both high and low is determined by the attitudes of all those who work in the enterprise. Thus, to improve labour commitment, it is necessary to change attitude towards positive drive.These changes develop positive attitudes and an organizational culture which will be favourable towards productivity improvement as well as technological changes. To improve productivity, it is therefore necessary to manage change; this means motivating, inducing and generating change. Ashton and Felstead (1995) regard the investment by an organisation in the skills of employees as a ‘litmus test’ for a change in the way they are manages. First, the replacement of the words ‘training cost’ with investment responses to the outcomes of HRD where the continuation of viewing training s a short-term cost has persistently acted as a powerful break of many training strategies. Having defined human resource development as the study and practice of increasing the learni ng capacity of individuals, groups, collectives, and organizations through the development and application of learning-based interventions for the purpose of optimizing human and organizational growth and effectiveness, it is indicated that formal training enhances employees’ organizational commitment. Sharma 1989 had also found a correlation between training and organizational commitment.Organizations that offer employees a relative high degree of development opportunities and internal career possibilities were also found to have opportunities has also been reported to have a positive effect on perceived rationalism of the employment relation, which is also said to have accounted for higher levels of commitment and job satisfaction. In organizations that offer training opportunities, employee commitment and citizenship behaviour are found to be higher than in organizations that do not offer the same.Studies has also shown that violation of perceived training obligations resu lt in reduced organizational commitment and increased intentions to leave the organization. Tannenbaum et al. (1991) found that naval recruits who participated in an 8-week training held higher levels of affective commitment than before the training. EQUITY THEORY The theory was propounded by Adam Staley John in 1963 and this theory calls for a fair balance to be struck between an employee’s input (hard work, skill level, tolerance, enthusiasm etc. ) and employee’s output (salary, benefits, recognition etc).According to the theory, finding this fair balance serves to ensure a strong and productive relationship achieved with the employee, with the overall result being contended, motivated employees. Adam’s Equity Theory acknowledges that subtle and variable factors affect an employee assessment and perception of their relationship with their work and their employer. The theory is built on the belief that employees become de-motivated, both in relation to their jo b and their employer if they feel as though their inputs are greater than the output.This theory also compares the input and output between different workers at different levels. Bringing this theory to the level of work commitment in Nigeria, it will be noted that workers are highly de-motivated because of the inequality between their various input and their output. For instance, comparing the input of a University Professor with that of a Senator and relating it to their output, this will highly de-motivate professor to work. And these are some of the problem affecting workers commitment in Nigeria.HUMAN CAPITAL THEORY Human Capital theory was proposed by Schultz (1961) and developed extensively by Becker (1964). According to the theory, it suggests that education or training raises the productivity of workers by imparting useful knowledge and skills, hence raising workers’ future income by increasing their lifetime earnings (Becker, 1994). It postulates that expenditure on training and education is costly, and should be considered an investment since it is undertaken with a view to increasing personal incomes.The human capital approach is often used to explain occupational wage differentials. Human capital can be viewed in general terms, such as the ability to read and write, or in specific terms, such as the acquisition of a particular skill with a limited industrial application. In his view, human capital is similar to â€Å"physical means of production†, e. g. , factories and machines: one can invest in human capital (via education, training, medical treatment) and one's outputs depend partly on the rate of return on the human capital one owns.Thus, human capital is a means of production, into which additional investment yields additional output. Human capital is substitutable, but not transferable like land, labor, or fixed capital. This suggest that for human resource development to be effective and for workers to be more committed to the organization, the organizations concerned need to be more involved in the training and re-training of its workforce. THE HUMAN CAPITAL MODELThe human capital model suggests that an individual's decision to invest in training is based upon an examination of the net present value of the costs and benefits of such an investment. Individuals are assumed to invest in training during an initial period and receive returns to the investment in subsequent periods. Workers pay for training by receiving a wage which is lower than what could be received elsewhere while being trained. Since training is thought to make workers more productive, workers collect the returns from their investment in later periods through higher marginal roducts and higher wages. Human capital models usually decompose training into specific training, which increases productivity in only one firm, and general training, which increases productivity in more than one firm. Purely general training is financed by workers, and the workers receive all of the returns to this training. In contrast, employees and employers will share in the costs and returns of specific training. Despite these differences between general and specific training, the model predicts that both forms of training lower the starting wage and increase wage growth.THE NIGERIAN CONTEXT Human resource development in Nigeria has come a long way, but the process of actual resource development has been very gradual. Nigerian attempt at human resources development in particular cannot be separated from the country’s post-colonial attempt at accelerated education and industrialization. In a broader sense, every post colonial government’s investment in education has been for the purpose of providing the manpower which the nation needs in it private and public sectors.This led to the establishment of three (3) Universities by the three regional governments of West, East, and the North (University of Ibadan which is the first) and the establishment of University of Lagos by the federal government all within the first decade of post independence Nigeria. As a result of the country’s quest for technological development, polytechnics and universities of technology as stream in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. Provision of universities and polytechnics education were meant to provide the national economy with the manpower it needs to develop and expand.The emphasis on formal and higher education as a basis of national human resource development was quite apparent in all the national development plans of post independence Nigeria. Gradually, the nation’s economic planners shifted attention to intervention in the areas of training and manpower development. In fairness to our earlier economic planners, Onasanya (2005) believes that â€Å"without education, there can be no training and without the two, there can be no development†.Government’s attempt at strengthening training and development in the national economy led to the establishment of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1971; Administrative and Staff Training College of Nigeria (ASCON) in 1973; and Centre for Management Development (CMD) in 1976. The idea behind the three establishments is the provision of consultancy on training needs all enterprise, training higher level manpower staff, and conducting research into problems of manpower and administration in public and private sectors.Onasanya (2005) also believe government’s intervention as stated above must be appreciated in the Nigeria context because, â€Å"until recently, and probably until the intervention of the government (training was one of the ill-managed and haphazardly handled areas of modern enterprises. Training and development was seen as a waste of a workers labour hours (to his employer) and a way of denying the employer the service of the employee. The above analysis is not to take away the concerted effort in the public and private sectors towards training and human resource development.Public sector workers have many structured training programmes and many government have a ministry of establishment and training, as well as designated training centres. In the private sector, some notable sectors such as banking, telecommunications, and manufacturing industries are more proficient in training today than in the past. The efficiency of manpower training and new technology has helped these sectors in terms of better service delivery. But, are workers really committed in Nigeria?Workers’ commitment or otherwise in Nigeria is more than whether there human capacity is developed because there are many factors affecting workers motivation and commitment in Nigeria. The global economic meltdown has meant less security for workers in Nigeria and throughout the world. Even good workers do lose their jobs at these times, hence morale is generally low. Other factors such as culture, god-fatherism, ICT and other mod ern technologies have impacted negatively on workers morale and productivity in Nigeria. The gradual decimation of the power of labour unions have also not helped matter.TOOLS/METHOD FOR MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS The tools and methods for manpower development in organizations differs, and it is largely determined by the objectives of organizations, the idiosyncrasy of management staff or the chief executive, the organizational policy, as well as the organizational environment to mention a few. Thus, it is a common feature to see methods for manpower development varying from one organization to the other, just as a given organization can be tailored at adopting different methods at different times or a combination of techniques t the same time. However, some methods for manpower development are stated below: 1. Orientation: This method of manpower development could be said to be an integral part of the recruitment exercise in that once an employee has been found appointab le, it is expected that such an employee need to be positively oriented in line with the vision and aspiration of the organization for effective discharge of function. And since employee function in an organization is basically affected by his perception of the organization vis-a-vis the rules and principles that exist in the organization.It therefore follow that an employee undergoes formal and informal orientation in a place of work. While the formal orientation focuses on job specification and occupational demands placed on the employee, the informal orientation involve the social interaction that take place in the place of work which could either boost productivity or be detrimental to it (Koontz et al. 1980). Orientation therefore, as a method of manpower development is quite indispensable because it helps in boosting the productivity of workers which is needed for competing in the global market of the 21st century. . On the Job Method of Manpower Development: This method is ba sically different from the orientation method in that while orientation is at the point of entry into the organization or a new assignment; on the job method is a process through which knowledge and experience are acquired over a period of time either formally or informally. This process involve the following: (a)Coaching: This is a method of on the job training and development in which a young employee is attached to a senior employee with the purpose of acquiring knowledge and experience needed for the performance of tasks. Yalokwu, 2000). (b) Job Rotation: This method either involve the movement of an employee from one official assignment or department to the other, in order for the employee to be acquainted with the different aspects of the work process or through job enlargement – that is, given additional responsibility to an employee who has been uplifted as a result of the acquisition of additional skill or knowledge (Yalokwu, 2000; Lawal, 2006). (c) in House Training : This involve a formal method of on the job training n which skills and knowledge are acquired by employees through internally organized seminars and workshops geared toward updating the workers with new techniques or skills associated with the performance of their jobs. (Lawal, 2006). (d) In Service Training: These methods involve training outside the organization or workplace in higher institution of learning or vocational centres under the sponsorship of the organization or on terms that may be agreed upon between the organization and the worker (Lawal, 2006). 3.Committee/Work Group Method: This method entails manpower development through the involvement of employees in meetings, committees and work group discussion geared towards injecting inputs in form of decision making as regard solving organizational problem. This method is quite indispensable, especially in the aspect of training employees for managerial functions or heading organizational units. 4. Vestibule Training Met hod: This is a method of manpower development through the acquisition of skills in a related working environment (Nongo, 2005).Under this method the trainee practices his skill with identical equipment that he uses or he is expected to use in his actual place of work. This method is most suitable for sensitive operations where maximal perfection is expected. The purpose is therefore to enable perfection at work place. 5. Apprenticeship Method: This method of manpower development involve the acquisition of skill through extensive practice for over a period of time by the trainee. This type of manpower development device could either be formal or informal.In the informal environments the trainee is attached to the trainer, and he/she is expected to pay for an agreed period of apprenticeship (Nongo, 2005). In the formal environment on the other hand, an employee of an organization could be placed under apprenticeship in the organization with pay. THE RELEVANCE OF MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT I N NIGERIA 1. Economic Development: The relevance of manpower development in Nigeria could be situated vis-a-vis economic development. This is because manpower development captures the actual meaning of development in that it is people centered (World Bank 1991; Grawboski and Shields 1996).In addition, it involves the building of capacity and harnessing the State’s human resource which constitute a sine-qua-non for development. The above advantage was vividly conceptualized by Harbison (1973) when he stated that: Human resources constitute the ultimate basis for wealth of nations, capital and natural resources are passive factors of production; human beings are the active agents who accumulate capital, exploit natural resources, build social, economic and political organizations, and carry forward national development.Clearly a country which is unable to develop the skills and knowledge of its people and to utilize them effectively in the national economy will be unable to dev elop anything else. 2. Political Stability: There is no doubt that a country which fails to adequately develop her manpower would be doing so at the expense of her socio-economic and political stability.In the aspect of political stability, Omodia (2004) stressed the dysfunctional use of the nation’s human resource among the youths in propelling political instability when he stated that: †¦there has been situations in which the Nigerian youth especially, those of poor family background were used as tools for disrupting the political democratic system through rigging, thuggery and ethnic conflicts. These factors of rigging, thuggery in addition to economic mismanagement, personal ambition or selfishness among others, were the factors that terminated the First and Second Republic.Thus, manpower development could help the youths in the development of self and in improving the quality of their political participation. 3. Poverty Alleviation: It has been argued that effective poverty alleviation scheme must involve the development and utilization of local resource including human for solving local problems (Robb, 2000; Omodia, 2005). Thus, manpower development is central to solving the present problem of poverty in Nigeria. CHALLENGES FACING MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 1.Colonial Experience: There have been several arguments regarding the distortions in manpower development of national growth in Nigeria as a result of colonialism which was fashioned towards economic exploitation (Ekpo, 1989; Ake, 2001; Dauda, 2003). It could be recalled that the advent of colonialism led to the integration of the Nigerian economy into the World Capitalist System thereby placing minimum premium on labour when compared to other factors of production. This poor performance of indigenous labour by the colonial government no doubt has persisted in the post-colonial Nigerian State.As a result, this problem account for the lack of adequate attention given to labour as a cr itical part of the production process in Nigeria. 2. Poor Political Leadership: Closely related to the problem of colonial experience as a problem of manpower development in Nigeria is poor political leadership which is further deepening the problem of manpower development in Nigeria. This factor has manifested itself in poor funding of education over the years (Baikie, 2002), disparity or class in manpower development between children of the rich and the poor (Omodia, 2006). 3.Poor Manpower Planning: This problem is associated with the poor data base that is needed for manpower planning in Nigeria both in the rural and urban centers. This problem no doubt constitutes a major hindrance on effective manpower development in Nigeria (Baikie, 2002; Oku 2003). 4. Poor Funding: Nigeria’s democracy has enhanced the practice of human resource development, determining the quota of expatriates it permits. Nigeria’s economy allows the importation of new technology to enhance huma n resource development, but training is still a bit slow, thus employment of expatriates to handle such is still encouraged.In Nigeria there is application of new management techniques and skills used in the running of organizations. All aimed at running cost effective system. 5. The socio-cultural diversity of Nigeria has influenced the human resource management practices in Nigeria. Nigeria is characterized by over reliance on culture, language, religion, gender and educational qualifications as a basis for determining who get employed and who need to be trained and re-trained. What this means is that, the opportunity for an average Nigeria to get employed is a factor of the aforementioned cases. CONCLUSIONThis paper have been able to situate or relate what could be referred to as manpower underdevelopment to socio-economic and political problems in Nigeria by looking at such factors as poverty, political instability and economic underdevelopment. From this background, it is there fore important to conclude that human resource development as a concept and method should be able to take its rightful place as a tool for development in Nigeria through the recognition of the fact that it is the most active and indispensable in the process of production even in the global age of the 21st century.RECOMMENDATION FOR EFFECTIVE MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA The options recommended for effective manpower development in Nigeria could be viewed from two basic perspectives: 1. The option of an enhanced regulatory capability on the part of government for effective reinforcement of manpower policies. This is quite indispensable based on the need to ensure quality manpower development irrespective of sex, class, ethnic affiliation to mention a few.This point could best be appreciated considering the liberal nature of most government policies which tend to snowball into elitist benefit in terms of policy outcome. 2. The need for government to be persuasive in making organiza tions embraces well designed policies at improving the development of manpower in Nigeria. This could be done both internally and externally. Internally, organizations should be made to see reasons why a careful manpower development plan should form part of their plans and objectives for the financial year.As a matter of fact, the success of organizations should not only be measured in terms of the magnitude of profit through the adoption of outdated personnel administration technique, but, basically on the contribution of the organization in enlarging the confidence of its workers through manpower development. The external factor involves the contribution of organization to the development of manpower through financial support meant to boost adult education, vocational education, and specialized research institutes to mention a few. REFERENCES Ake, C. (2001): Democracy and Development in Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum BooksLimited. Baikie, A. (2002): Recurrent Issues in Nigeria Education . Zaria: Tamaza Publishing Company. Becker, G. S. (1964): Human capital. New York: Columbia University Press. Dauda, S. (2003): The Crisis of Development in Africa: The Democratic Imperatives. J Dev Soc, Ekpo, A. H. (1989): Manpower Development in Nigeria. In: SC Ogbuagu (Ed. ): Strategy For National Development In Nigeria. Calabar: University of Calabar Press. FGN (1998): National Policy on Education. Lagos: Federal Government Press. Grabowski, R. , Shields, M. (1996): Development Economics. USA: Blackwell Publishers Incorporation.Harbison, F. (1973): Human Resources as the Wealth of Nations. New York: Oxford University Press. Koontz, H; O’Donnel. C; Weihrich, H. (1980): Management. Japan: McGraw Hill Publishing Company. Lawal, M. M. (2006): Manpower Management: A Hand Book for Personnel Managers and Students of Administration. Abuja: Roots Books and Journals Nigeria Limited. Nongo, S. (2005): Fundamental of Management, Makurdi: Aboki Publishing Company. Oku, O. (2003): The Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme: Issues and Problems of Policy Implementation. J Nig Langs Cul, Omeje,J. O. (2006): Developmental Psychology.Nnike Publishing Press, Enugu. Omodia, S. (2004): The Family as a Vehicle for Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria. J Fam Dev. Omodia, S. (2005): Poverty Alleviation in a Deregulated Economy. Challenges and Prospects For Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria. J Adm. Omodia, S. (2006): The Liberal and Elitist Perception of Public Policies in Nigeria: A Focus on the National Policy on Women and Education in the Nigerian Fourth Republic. Acad For Onasanya, S. A. B. (2005):Effective Personnel Management and Industrial Relation. Centre for Management Development, Lagos. Robb, C. M. (2002): Can the Poor Influence Policy?USA: World Bank. Sharma, B. R. (1989): A Study of the Relationship of Organizational Climate with Organisational; Commitment and Psychological Well being, PhD Thesis, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla. Tannenbaum, S. L; Mathieu, J. E; Salas, E. & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (1991): Meeting Trainees' Expectations: The Influence of Training Fulfillment on the Development of Commitment, Self-eficacy, and Motivation. The Journal of Applied Psychology. World Bank (1991): World Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press. Yalokwu, P. O. (2000): Management: Concept and Techniques . Lagos: Peak Publishers.

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Faith Diversity Essay Example for Free

Faith Diversity Essay This paper will look and examine four diverse faiths: Christianity, Buddhism, Rastafarianism and Islam spiritual perspective on healing. In Christianity, prayer is a way that a person can stay healthy physically, mentally and spiritually. Health is viewed by having a strong spiritual relationship with the Lord and living ones life by the word of God. Buddhist need a balance of health both mentally and physically in order to achieve optimal health. They way that they are able to restore health would be by practicing healthy dietary habits or meditation. Rastafarianism view on health as a balance of the mind, the body and the soul achieved with a more holistic approach like prayer and herbal treatments. Lastly, Islam reaches ultimate purity by having a clean body and soul. They must cleanse often and pray often. Religions differ in many ways; they could have a different sacred books, have different deities, or have different views on how to live a full life, ultimately they want the same thing, to have their faiths respected and incorporated into the care they are receiving. Introduction Throughout the world, there are thousands of distinctly different religious affiliations. In the United States alone, there are approximately 313 religions and denominations (All Religions and Denominations in the US, 2008). This paper will examine four diverse faiths Christianity, Buddhism, Rastafarianism and Islam. It will look at the philosophy of these four faiths when having care provided to them. It will specifically look at the spiritual perspective on healing. It will examine the critical components of healing for these faiths. Along with looking at these diverse faiths, this paper will look at what is important for people who are receiving care from health care providers whose views differ from their own. Christianity The Christians were the first people to start the worlds first voluntary charitable institutions which were hospitals (Trangelder, 2007). The reason that they started these hospitals is because they wanted to help the poor and those that were sick and dying (Trangelder, 2007). Health care and Christian belief go hand in hand. One of the most crucial components in healing is prayer. The Christians hold prayer in very high regard. They feel that prayer has the ability to make them better. In the book James 5:14-15(English Standard Version) it states, Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith will save the one who is sick, and the Lord will raise him up(Biblegateway, 2001). Along with prayer, the bible mentions many ways that a person can stay healthy physically, mentally and spiritually. Ultimately, the way to stay healthy is by having a strong spiritual relationship with the Lord and living ones life by the word of God. Buddhism The Buddhist has a different holy book then the Christian faith. There sacred book is called Tripitaka. This holy book mentions that the only way to be truly healed is to be healthy in mind and body. Western medicine focuses on curing symptoms to treat medical problems, but the Buddhist see this only as a short term fix. In order for one to be healed one must also treat the spiritual aspect of the disease and its mind-based causes and remedies must be the primary considerations(Buddhism, Medicine, and Health, n. d. ). Buddhist feel that possible reasons for illness or disease would be 1) an imbalance of the four elements (earth, water, fire, and wind), 2) irregular dietary habits, 3) incorrect meditation methods, 4) disturbances by spirits, 5) demon possession, and 6) the force of bad karma (Buddhism, Medicine, and Health, n. d. ). They way that they are able to restore health would be by practicing healthy dietary habits, meditation, paying respect to the Buddha, repentance, reciting mantras, reciting the Buddhas name and using the dharma as medicine (Buddhism, Medicine, and Health, n. d. ). By doing this they would be able to find a balance physical and mentally and find long-term health. Rastafarianism Like the Christians, the Rastafarians sacred text that they pray to is the Bible, but the difference is how it is interpreted. The Rastafarians also feel that the head or God incarnate is Haile Selassie. He was a former Emperor of Ethiopia (Griffith, 2009). In Rastafarianism health care takes a holistic approach to healing; they believe that the concept of health extends to three spheres: the mind, the body and the soul (though sometimes the psychological and spiritual can sometimes be categorized together)(Rastafari and the Environment, 2012). They cure illnesses by use of home remedies or tonics rather than visiting a doctor. Rastafarians disown western influences of ideology, diet, lifestyle and religion in favor of belief systems and practices of African origin, which emphasizes the use of natural ingredients and tools(Rastafari and the Environment, 2012). Islam For the Islam, their sacred text is the Quran. In the Quran, unlike the Christians, Muhammad is the prophet sent to Earth to pass the word of the Lord, Allah. The Muslims feel that good health is one of the ways to get to heaven. In the Quran, it has teachings that show people how to protect his or her health and live life in a state of purity (Muslim Health Network (n. d). The single most important thing for this faith is prayer. Muslims perform it five times a day. The obligatory prayers provide a good means for the circulation of blood, breathing and general suppleness of joints (Muslim Health Network (n. d). Along with prayer they must cleanse after prayer, have a healthy diet, fast and refrain from intoxicates. Despite these religious differences in the United States, peoples only wish is to have their religious views respected and honored if possible. No matter if healthcare providers spiritual beliefs differ from those in their care, patients want their faith to be incorporated into the care that they are receiving. The Christian philosophy as written in the book of Luke 6:31 (English Standard Version) And as you wish that others would do to you, do so to them(Biblegateway, n. d. ). This goes in line as all people would like to be treated, no matter how different spiritual views might be. In conclusion, the author learned that although many religions differ ultimately they want the same thing, to have their faith incorporated into the care they are receiving. Religions differ in many ways, they could have a different scared book, have different deities, or have different views on how to live a full life. Medication, chanting or prayer can help achieve inner peace to ultimately reach health inside and out. ? References Biblegateway (2001). James 5:14-15 ESV Is anyone among you sick? Let him call Bible Gateway. Retrieved from http://www. biblegateway. com/passage/? search=James+5%3A14-15version=ESV Biblegateway (n. d. ). Luke 6:31 ESV And as you wish that others would do to Bible Gateway. Retrieved from http://www. biblegateway. com/passage/? search=Luke%206:31version=ESV Buddhism, Medicine, and Health. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. blia. org/english/publications/booklet/pages/37. htm Griffith, J. K. (2009). THE RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF NURSING CARE (4th ed. ). Vancouver, B. C Muslim Health Network (n. d. ). Islam Health. Retrieved from http://www. muslimhealthnetwork. org/islamandhealth. shtml Tangelder, J. D. (2007). A Christian Perspective on Healthcare. Retrieved from http://www. reformedreflections. ca/faith-and-life/chr-perspective-healthcare. html Rastafari and the Environment (2012). Natural Healing and Medicine. Retrieved from http://caribbeanreligionuvm. wordpress. com/category/natural-healing-and-medicine/

Components of Business Documents

Components of Business Documents When is it appropriate to submit a report in business? Compare 3 types of business documents, look at the components of each and recommend the ideal business scenario for each. Executive Summary A business report is a written document, which provides comprehensive information and specific topic for a business purpose. The study investigated about definition, content and purpose of a business report. The study consisted of an analysis of three types of business documents and the ideal business scenario for each, and was based on information collected from a variety of sources: textbook, books and the Internet. Introduction A business report is a written document, which constitutes comprehensive information and specific topic for a significant business purpose. The purpose of a business report is typically used to make plans for the future, assist in decision-making, and propose a business idea. There are various types of reports that depending on different situations such as: informational reports, analytical reports, research reports and so on. The report is divided into two main sections: a Findings section, which presents information about three types of business documents, and a Recommendations section that provides specific suggestion about using each of business documents in distinct situations. Types of business documents Emails An email is considered as a form of business communication that is fast and convenient for everyone to use. They just need to access to the Internet to send and receive documents via emails. Business emails are generally brief, positive and professional. There are various benefits for people to use the email. It is a useful medium that can reach anywhere in the world after few minutes of being sent. With the available of the Internet, it can be connected quickly through laptops, computers or smart phones and can be sent fast to many people at the same time. Beside, the writers can send combinable emails that have text, pictures, videos and sounds. They also can attach documents or other files to the email. Nowadays, more enterprises are using email communications as an effectively communicational tool that helps them to share necessary information with customers, employees, and prospects. However, there are some disadvantages to take into consideration to use the email efficiently. Firstly, it is quiet difficult to discriminate between casual and formal emails because of their similar layout. Secondly, it takes us a lot of time to deal with spam and may cause information overload. It has some difficulty in solving viruses that affect an organizations online systems. Moreover, it can lead to interactive obstacle and decrease relationship building in environmental working. Finally, it also may lead to misunderstandings because the receivers just can read without knowing the writers tone and expression. There are six common types of email: instruction emails, request emails, announcement emails, transmittal emails, authorization emails and confirmation emails. Memorandums A memorandum is brief summary used as a means of internal communication. It provides suggestions, conveys information, seeks explanation and may solve problems. It includes detailed information on routine activities of an organization and is used by many companies for distinct purposes. The body of the memo is a short piece of writing that has numbered paragraphs and contains the subject sentence. It has a specific structure and is written in Plain English to show an actual, objective description of the topic with readers. Memos can be sent accurately to many receivers with just a single click. It provides a snapshot of what is happening in a workplace at a particular point and who is involved in company activities. It is considered as a written record or evidence of communication for reference. Therefore, managers and employees can refer to the memo to solve problems when they have a contradiction. In addition, memos are usually be short and to the point that enable the writer to disseminate information logically. One of the disadvantages of memos is lack of explanation. Because of the concise form, the readers sometime cannot understand clearly about the main content of the memo. It also can lead to the lack of formality because memos provide only informal communication. There are six types of memos: instruction emails, request emails, announcement emails, transmittal emails, authorization emails, confirmation emails. Report A report, whether long or short, shows comprehensive information on a specific issue. It provides specific information that help managers in making a decision, controlling progress or planning for the future action. Business reports play a vital role in conveying information to everyone in an organization. It is necessary management tool for managers to make a decision and resolve problems. Reports not only transmit internal information but also supply important information for customers, shareholders, agencies, suppliers and so on. Moreover, reports are used to develop information base in a company in two main ways: Firstly, day-to-day information is recorded endlessly for writing reports. Secondly, the saved reports will be used for future reference. By these ways, reports assist in boosting a secure information base. Although there is no doubt that reports are useful management tool, they also have several drawbacks. One of limitations of reports is cost of valuable time and money. Sometimes, reports become misunderstanding because it is not interact and the readers cannot give questions and get feedback. The viability of establishing a new salon was considered in relation to two broad areas the mega environment and the task environment (Bartol et al. 2008). Each of these areas is discussed below.

Benefits of childcare robots

Benefits of childcare robots In todays ever-changing world, the rampant use of various technology and robots have become an indispensable part of our daily lives. Since the Industrial Revolution, robots have been used in manufacturing and automotive industries. With the rapid advancement in technology, the use of robots is increasing at an exponential rate. From the graph above, it is evident that the world robot population has increased by almost 2 folds from 4.49million in 2006 to 8.37million in 2010. Domestic service, educational and leisure robots have contributed to the large increase in the use of robots in the 21st century. International Federation of Robotics (IFR) has forecasted a USD$17 billion in sales for the robot market worldwide by 2013. (http://www.ifr.org/) Hence, with the multi-faceted use of robots currently existing in our daily lives, one can expect robots specialising in childcare to be a part of reality in the near future. Children have always been fascinated by robots. This is reflected in the increasing number of students taking part in robotics competitions. Moreover, when a bomb disposal robot was deployed in a village of Iraq, it caught the attention of the village children who surrounded it with great interest. Studies have also shown that the interaction between robots and children have yielded positive effects. As a result, robots have also been used as tools for educational purposes. Advantages With the current population trend moving from single-income to dual-income families, there is an increasing need for parents to provide the necessary childcare services for their children while they are both busy at work. This trend coupled with the evolving use of robots has sparked the research on childcare robots as a means to resolving the issue of juggling with raising a child concurrently with providing for the family. The potential of childcare robots is immense and has thus generated a lot of hype. Not only can it have a huge impact on society but it also has the potential to bring about radical changes in our everyday lives. The concept of childcare robots has existed for decades. Proto-types of childcare robots are already available in the world today due to technological advancements which have minimised the cost of building and assembling a robot. Currently, there are 14 companies in Japan and Korea that have developed childcare robots. The PaPeRo is an example of a childcare robot which has been developed by NEC, a leading Japanese electronics company who is a pioneer in the development of childcare robots. It has been designed to live and interact with people through its autonomous and communication functions. One of its primary functions is to protect a child and prevent him from harms way. This can be done through mobile monitoring whereby the robot has cameras installed in its eyes which allow working parents to monitor their childs movement at home through their laptops while they are at work. The parent will have full control of the robot and can navigate it around the house to ensure that his or her child is under constant supervision even if he or she is not physically there. The PaPeRo can also be programmed to look out for potential hazardous situations and consequently prevent the child at home from becoming a victim of it. Its autonomous function and obstacle avoidance capability thereby allow working parents to focus on their work due to its nature of independent mobility. Disadvantages Although childcare robots may solve the woes of modern working parents, one cannot help but ask how credible is the robot in ensuring the safety of the child at home? Who should be responsible in the case whereby the child still gets hurt under the care of the robot? Childcare robots may have dire consequences on the child if they are not employed with caution. Previously, parents had to juggle between their family and work. As the concept of childcare robot surfaced, it liberated parents as the primary caregivers from choosing between their work commitments and looking after their child. This would result in less time spent together and the mutual bonding between parent and child will be lost in the process. The primary upbringing of a child thence no longer rests upon the shoulders of the parents but in the hands of a childcare robot instead. From a societal perspective, a parents primary responsibility is to provide for their offspring and protect them from harms way. Parents should also impart the necessary knowledge and skills to survive in their later years during the developmental stages of their children in their adolescence. Parents may thus be shirking their primary responsibilities by passing on their role as caregivers to childcare robots. Instead of breastfeeding, which is natural and healthy for a child and also aids in psychological bonding, a robot is created to breastfeed with powdered milk. This is physically not healthy for a baby and would be a worrying trend to society. The role of caregivers is no longer clearly defined between humans and robots. One can only wonder what kind of psychological impact this may potentially have on a child when he is brought up by an autonomous robot made of steel instead of his own warm-blooded biological parents. As robots become increasingly popular and available, should we devise international ethics guidelines for their use? -Manfred Werner The issue of formalised guidelines also arises with the extensive use of childcare robots in the future. To protect a child from negligence and abuse, there will be a need for governmental and international bodies to regulate and lay down ethical guidelines ensuring the fair and just use of childcare robots. By regulating its use, it could reiterate the fact that parents are still the primary caregivers of their child and childcare robots should only be a tool to assist them and not replace them. One should not hold the robots totally liable to the care of ones child. Children playing with robots Studies have shown that leaving a child with minimal human contact would retard the mental and intellectual development of the child. (http://www.education.umd.edu/EDHD/faculty/Fox/publications/94.pdf) Although the child may develop an emotional attachment to the robot, his cognitive development may be impaired as he may be spending most of his childhood with a childcare robot. Furthermore, the bonding between a child and robot may mislead the child into thinking that such a relationship is real and identical to that with human beings. The impairing of his cognitive abilities coupled with the inability to distinguish between human and robotic relationships may thus lead the child to face problems interacting with other children. Consequently, the child may alienate himself from the rest of society in response to the ostracising he potentially faces from his peers. Ultimately, robots are machines that face the usual technical problems of malfunctioning and may become obsolete over time. The child may outgrow the robot as his needs change at such a rapid rate. The childcare robot may only be programmed to handle toddlers and infants instead of school going children and hence it may become inadequate in looking after a child as they grow older. A child raised by machines may be detrimental to society and contribute to the degradation of healthy human relationships in the generations to come. Nonetheless, it is undeniable that childcare robots are largely beneficial to enhancing childcare. Even without the existence of robots, there are still cases of child abuse and negligence by parents who have shirked their responsibility in caring for their child. In such cases, a robot may actually do an even better job in ensuring that the child is well taken care of. As research on childcare robots intensifies, the robot can be programmed to perform more sophisticated tasks, inter alia, expressing emotions and reacting differently to a wide vocabulary of words and range of feelings. However, in spite of the hype and benefits of childcare robots, I personally feel that it would be of best interest to society that they should only be used as a tool to assist in childcare and not replace the quintessential role of parents. Conclusion In conclusion, although the potential and benefits of childcare robots are limitless in the future, it is critical for us human beings to take a step back and ponder over the underlying ethical and legal issues that arise from their use. There should be a concerted effort by governments and a regulatory body to create a set of common and concrete guidelines to regulate the use of childcare robots. However, I feel that these are but mere infant steps to a realm of human co-existing with artificial intelligence. I care about our young people, and I wish them great success, because they are our Hope for the Futureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Dave Barry Youths are the key to our future. It is imperative then that children ought to be moulded in the footsteps of a human being than that of a cold piece of metal work.

Genetically Engineered Food Essay -- GMOs Genetically Modified Foods

Genetically Engineered Food As Scientists commence the unraveling of genetic mysteries the food we eat is undergoing significant changes. From supermarket produce, milk and eggs to tofu, sprouts and garden burgers most have genetically altered ingredients. As with all new products tests are necessary. Guinea pigs, used in those tests, show the effects of the Genetically Engineered (GE) feed. So far the tests have shown elevated breast cancer from ingesting milk from cows consuming (GE) hormones. Others tests have shown possible deadly allergic reactions to foods altered with proteins from peanuts or shellfish. Most dramatically in 1989 and 1990, a (GE) brand of L-tryptophan, a common dietary supplement, killed more than thirty. Animal rights groups would normally protest these immoral experiments exposing them for what they are, wrong. Unfortunately, the guinea pigs, that are being fed this altered diet, have no voice, they are you and I. Americans are unknowingly consumer tons of (GE) food daily. Science and f ood have collided in the worst possible way. In just this last decade scientist have made epic strides altering plants and animals. Genetically altered products are found in our food, clothing and beverages. The lab has become the place where agricultural improvements are made. What all this means for the consumer is that we are allowed to make informed decisions and that must cease. The customer must at least be allowed to make a choice as to which food or beverage products they will consume. Currently foods that contain genetically altered ingredients are not required to differentiate themselves from non-altered foods. Manufactures continue to refuse all requests to label (GE) products. Genetically altered plants ... ... engineered crops threaten monarch butterflies." 21 Apr. 2000. http://www.bckweb.com/nerage/home.html Organic Gardening. Genetic Engineering: Answers and Actions One quarter of all U.S. farmland is growing GE crops, 93.75 million acres. Actions the organic gardener must take to stem the tide of altered crops. http://205.181.115.212/watchdog/geneng_Jan00.html Rifkin, Jeremy. Biotech Century: Playing Ecological Roulette with Mother Nature's Designs. The Presence of Others. Ed. Andrea Lunsford and John Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin, 2000. 244 - 254. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York, Tor books and 1805. Specter, Michael. "The Pharmageddon Riddle." The New Yorker. Apr. 10, 2000: 58 - 71. Steinbrecher, Dr. Ricarda. "What is Genetic Engineering?" Synthesis/Regeneration: A Magazine of Green Social Thought, Vol. 18. Winter 1999: 9 - 12.

Sonnets 18 and 130: Defending and Defying the Petrarchan Convention Es

Sonnets 18 and 130: Defending and Defying the Petrarchan Convention  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the Renaissance, it was common for poets to employ Petrarchan conceit to praise their lovers. Applying this type of metaphor, an author makes elaborate comparisons of his beloved to one or more very dissimilar things. Such hyperbole was often used to idolize a mistress while lamenting her cruelty. Shakespeare, in Sonnet 18, conforms somewhat to this custom of love poetry, but later breaks out of the mold entirely, writing his clearly anti-Petrarchan work, Sonnet 130. In Sonnet 18, Shakespeare employs a Petrarchan conceit to immortalize his beloved. He initiates the extended metaphor in the first line of the sonnet by posing the rhetorical question, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" The first two quatrains of the poem are composed of his criticism of summer. Compared to summer, his lover is "more lovely and more temperate" (2). He argues that the wind impairs the beauty of summer, and summer is too brief (3-4). The splendor of summer is affected by the intensity of the sunlight, and, as the seasons change, summer becomes less beautiful (5-8). Due to all of these shortcomings of summer, Shakespeare contends in the third quatrain of this sonnet that comparing his lover to this season fails to do her justice. While "often is gold [summer's] complexion dimmed," her "eternal summer shall not fade" (6, 9). She, unlike summer, will never deteriorate. He further asserts that his beloved will neither become less beautiful, nor even die, because she is immortalized through his poetry. The sonnet is concluded with the couplet, "So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long live this, and this gives life to thee" (13-14). T... ... 1999. Available HTTP: library.utoronto.ca. Shakespeare, William. "Sonnet 18." The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol. 1. M. H. Abrams, ed. W. W. Norton (New York): 1993. ---. "Sonnet 130." The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol. 1. M. H. Abrams, ed. W. W. Norton (New York): 1993. Sidney, Philip. "Astrophel and Stella." Online. Renascence Editions. U of Oregon P. 6 Apr. 1999. Available HTTP: darkwing.uoregon.edu. Spenser, Edmund. "Amoretti 18." Online. Sonnet Central. Available HTTP: www.sonnets.org. Wootton, John. Untitled. Online. Sonnet Central. Available HTTP: www.sonnets.org. Wyatt, Sir Thomas. "Avising The Bright Beams of These Fair Eyes." British Library Egerton MS. 2711, fol. 22, ed. Richard Harrier. Canon, 1975: 125-26. Online. U of Toronto Lib. Internet. 6 April 1998. Available HTTP: library.utoronto.ca.   

The Innate Nature of Sin

The Innate Nature of Sin Nathaniel Hathorne was an author who consistently wrote about satires of the Puritan time. His short stories often revolved around themes of sin and how no one could escape from committing sin. The short stories â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† written by Hawthorne, reflect these themes through elements of fiction, such as plot, setting, symbolism, and point of view. â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† is about a town’s minister who walks into Sunday Congregation with a heinous black veil covering his face.The veil shields him from the sins of the rest of the world, and the rest of the world from his sin. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is about a newly married man who leaves Faith, his wife to follow a man into the forest, where Satanic Rituals occur. These Satanic Rituals are powered by the people Goodman Brown had once known to be the most religious. Through the elements of fiction, t he short stories â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† show how there is no way for one escape from committing sin, no matter who they are. One of the stories Hawthorne writes is â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil. The story starts when a minster walks into his weekly Sunday sermon with a veil that cover’s his face.. The veil is seen as symbolic with sin, because the minister has started to wear his sin on his face. He is shunned from the town, as people start to grow uncomfortable in his presence. The veil is a constant reminder of their sins as well. When the Minister goes to a funeral of a girl, he walks in with the veil and stoops down to the corpse’s level, and when by accident his face unveiled (just to the corpse) â€Å"the corpse had slightly shuddered, rustling the shroud and muslin cap, though the countenance retained the composure of death. (â€Å"Black Veil† 337). When the corpse sees the face of the minister, it shudders in reaction. This reaction gives hints about what may be behind the black veil. It shows that what is behind the black veil is so dark, and horrible that even a dead body has a reaction, and the only reaction a dead body can have is fear of what may be coming next. At its end, there’s nothing the corpse can do about its life and how it was lived: with or without sin. Seeing all the sin behind the veil scared the corpse, as it was a reflection of all the sin it could not longer escape.All of its sin had caught up with the corpse as it lay in the coffin. Then the Minister continued to make a sermon, praying that everybody be prepared for death when what is underneath the veil is revealed. This scene says that death is when all of one’s sins come to catch up with them, and everything underneath the veil is revealed as they are judged before God. The veil, in this sense, can be anything as a cover for sin. For the Minister, it was a physical a pie ce of cloth that covered his face.For other’s it can be their personalities; how they behave around others can deceive others of their sin. After the funeral, the Minister goes to a wedding and just about he’s about to take a sip of his wine, after wishing the couple happiness, he sees his own reflection: â€Å"catching a glimpse of his figure in the looking-glass, the black veil involved his own spirit in the horror with which it overwhelmed all others. His frame shuddered – his lips grew white – he spilt the untasted wine upon the carpet – and rushed forth into the darkness. (â€Å"Black Veil† 338) In this scene, the Minister is, for the first time, seeing himself with the veil. His reaction is much similar to that of his congregation: fear.. Here, we see an element of fiction: Symbolism. The veil is symbolic for sins the Minister has committed. When he sees this veil, hHe feels fear – so much fear – that he drops what he is holding and flees. The fear of sin the veil ignites in him causes him to run, , as if to escape from them. He cannot let anyone see what he sees, as he is the only one who truly knows what his sins are.His sins are so frightening because he knows that eventually he will be accountable for every single one, and the veil will one day be pulled off. Even he, the Minister of the church, cannot escape from his sin, and eventually at death, everyone’s sins will catch up with him or her: At that point, there is nowhere to run. The next story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† is about a young man who is leaving his wife to go meet someone in the forests. He meets a man, who looks like an older version of himself, (actually the devil) and tells him that he wishes to go back to his village.He tells the man, his family was full of good Christians, and that he is ashamed to be associated with the devil. As he tells the Devil that he has to follow a different path, the Devil responds à ¢â‚¬Å"Well Goodman Brown! I have been as well acquainted with your family as with ever a one among the Puritans; and that is no trifle to say. † (Hawthorne 326) When the Devil says this, Goodman Brown gets confused: He believed his family to be of one of the most religious, and to see them associate themselves with the devil seems to be a lie. He believes that there must be rumors about his family.He can’t accept the fact that his father, and grandfather, who were known to be pious people, associated themselves with the Devil of all people. Goodman Brown waves off some people the Devil names, saying that they choose their own path. Then he says to the Devil that he would not be able to talk to the Minister of Salem Village if he were to go on. The Devil’s response to this is â€Å"Thus far the elder traveler had listened with due gravity; but now burst into a fit if irrepressible mirth, shaking himself so violently that his snakelike staff actually seemed to wri ggle in sympathy. (Hawthorne 327) Here, the Devil bursts into laughter when Goodman Brown suggests the Minister is a good Christian man. Goodman brown is offended at the man for proving all of his acquaintances wrong. He learns in this story that nobody, not even his good little Faith, can escape the Devil. His father, grandfather, the Minister, and Faith have all be revealed to be following the Devil, and it’s something he cannot escape. In Conclusion, both short stories, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† by Nathaniel Hawthorn, reveal the inevitable sin of the people we trust the most.It shows us that nobody can escape sin, and it’s innate of human nature. When the town’s people first see the Minister with his veil, their reactions are all of shock and fear. During his first sermon with the veil â€Å"Each member of the congregation, the most innocent girl, and the man of hardened breast, felt as if the preach er had crept upon them behind his awful veil and discovered their hoarded iniquity of deed or thought. † (Hawthorne 336) Here, Hawthorne is describing the effect the veil had on the people of that town.Everybody who was at the sermon felt as though Minister Hooper had crept up to them, and discovered their sins of actions, and their sins of thoughts. It says even â€Å"the most innocent girl† felt her sins being discovered. This quote states that nobody can escape from sin, despite trying your hardest. The innocent girl should have been free of sins, but she feels the fear of her sins being unveiled just as everyone else. The fact that the Minister came into the sermon with his â€Å"sins† on his face, people actually felt fear and power from his sermon.